FreeBSD гарын авлага

FreeBSD 8.3-RELEASE

x
x
cron
syslogd
X
X
fdisk
ed0
inetd.conf
exports
root
boot0
boot2
/etc/ttys
rmuser
chpass
chpass
dump
RSH
dump
mdconfig
mdconfig
mdmfs
mdconfig
mdmfs
/etc/ttys
src/
x
cron
x
x
x
x
Monospace
monospace
+
E:\>
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

root
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

% top

x
x
ia64
commit
make install
pkg_add
/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd
/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/index.html
/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/faq/index.html
x
HARDWARE.TXT
fdisk
165
C:
fdisk
C:
D:
C:
D:
D:
C:
C:
X
ISO-IMAGES/
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/arch/ISO-IMAGES/version/FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-memstick.img
arch
version
.img
ISO-IMAGES/
/dev/da0
.img
# dd if=FreeBSD-8.3-RELEASE-i386-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=64k

X
floppies/
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/arch/version-RELEASE/floppies/
arch
<version>
.flp
floppies/
boot.flp
kern1.flp
kern2.flp
kern3.flp
README.TXT
.flp
fdimage
E:
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\boot.flp A:

.flp
.flp
fdimage
багажнууд
# dd if=boot.flp of=/dev/fd0

/dev/fd0
A:
/dev/fd1
B:
Last Chance: Are you SURE you want continue the installation?

If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!

We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!

      Сүүлийн боломж: Та суулгацыг үргэлжлүүлэхдээ ИТГЭЛТЭЙ байна уу?

      Хэрэв та хэрэгтэй мэдээллээ хадгалсан дискнээс уг суулгацыг
      эхлүүлж байгаа бол, эхлүүлэхээсээ өмнө ӨӨРИЙНХӨӨ ӨГӨГДЛИЙГ НАЙДВАРТАЙ ХАДГАЛЖ
      АВАХЫГ БИД ЗӨВЛӨЖ БАЙНА!

      Дискэнд буй өгөгдөлд учирсан эвдрэлд бид хариуцлага хүлээхгүй!

Floppy
CDROM
First Hard Disk
X
boot.flp
Booting from CD-Rom...
645MB medium detected
CD Loader 1.2

Building the boot loader arguments
Looking up /BOOT/LOADER... Found
Relocating the loader and the BTX
Starting the BTX loader

BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.02
Consoles: internal video/keyboard
BIOS CD is cd0
BIOS drive C: is disk0
BIOS drive D: is disk1
BIOS 636kB/261056kB available memory

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1

Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
/boot/kernel/kernel text=0x64daa0 data=0xa4e80+0xa9e40 syms=[0x4+0x6cac0+0x4+0x88e9d]
\

Booting from Floppy...
Uncompressing ... done

BTX loader 1.00  BTX version is 1.01 
Console: internal video/keyboard 
BIOS drive A: is disk0 
BIOS drive C: is disk1 
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory 

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1 

Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |

Insert disk labelled "Kernel floppy 1" and press any key...

boot.flp
kern1.flp
Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present
Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132.
Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.

~#
BREAK
ok         
ok {0}     

boot cdrom
avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes) 
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000.
Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084.
md0: Preloaded image </mfsroot> 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4

md1: Malloc disk
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard   
npx0: INT 16 interface   
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0
pcib1:<VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0
isa0: <iSA bus> on isab0
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
uhci0 <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci
0
usb0: <VIA 83572 USB controller> on uhci0
usb0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
pci0: <unknown card> (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3
dc0: <ADMtek AN985 10/100BaseTX> port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir
q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5
miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0
ukphy0: <Generic IEEE 802.3u media interface> on miibus0
ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10.
0 on pci0
ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
orm0: <Option ROM> at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5'' drive> on fdc0 drive 0
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
sio1: type 16550A
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33
acd0: CD-RW <LITE-ON LTR-1210B> at ata1-slave PIO4
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
/stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0

GENERIC
                                 Message
 In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk")
 partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote
 all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on
 the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default
 partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only
 free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the
 (C)reate command. 
                                [  OK  ] 

                      [ Press enter or space ]

        Мэдэгдэл
        Дараагийн хэсэгт та өөрийнхөө дискэнд DOS-маягийн ("fdisk")
        диск хуваалт хийх хэрэгтэй. Хэрэв та дискнийхээ бүх хэмжээг
        FreeBSD-д зориулна гэж бодож байвал (дискэн дээр байгаа бүх өгөгдлийг
        дарж бичнэ) (A)ll тушаалыг сонгоод дараа нь (Q)uit цэсийг сонгож
        гараарай. Хэрэв та зөвхөн сул чөлөөтэй байгаа хэсгийг FreeBSD-д
        зориулна гэж бодож байгаа бол "unused" буюу хэрэглэгдээгүй гэсэн хэсгийг 
        сонгоод (C)reate буюу үүсгэ гэсэн тушаалыг сонгоорой.
        [  OK  ]

        [ enter товч эсвэл зай авагч товч дарна уу]

ad0
ad2
ad1
ad0
ad1
ad1
ad1
ad2
ad1s1a
ad2
ad0
ad1
ad0
ad2
C:
fdisk
unused буюу
хэрэглэгдээгүй
Flags
A
a
h
b
c
d
a
/
/
b
b
e
/var
/var
f
/usr
/usr
Auto Defaults
b
a
b
e
n
e
a
a
/
/diskn
n
                                 Message
 Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
 partition(s) just created. If you have a reasonable amount of disk
 space (1GB or more) and don't have any special requirements, simply
 use the (A)uto command to allocate space automatically. If you have
 more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
 (A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.  

                                [  OK  ]
                          [ Press enter or space ]

                                 Мэдэгдэл
 Та одоо, fdisk ашиглан бий болгосон хуваалтаар  BSD хуваалт үүсгэх хэрэгтэй. 
 Хэрэв танд тодорхой хэмжээний дискний зай (200MB эсвэл түүнээс дээш) байгаа
 бөгөөд ямар нэгэн онцгой шаардлага тавигдаагүй бол (A)uto тушаалыг ашиглан
 дискний зайг автоматаар тохируулж болно. Хэрэв танд онцгой шаардлага бий юм уу
 эсвэл (A)uto тушаалаар үүсгэх байрлуулалт тийм чухал биш бол
 F1 товч дарж гарын авлага дээрх нэмэлт мэдээллийг харж болно

                                [  OK  ]
                          [ enter товч эсвэл зай авагч товч дарна уу]

Partition name
буюу хуваалтын нэр
/tmp
/
/
a
/
M
G
C
/
/usr
                         User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection? 

 This will give you ready access to over 23,000 ported software packages,
 at a cost of around 500 MB of disk space when "clean" and possibly much
 more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded
 (unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution
 available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less
 of a problem). 

 The Ports Collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having
 on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option. 

 For more information on the Ports Collection & the latest ports,
 visit: 
     http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports  

                              [ Yes ]     No

ftp.FreeBSD.org
foo.example.com
ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org
ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD
ftp.FreeBSD.org
/pub/FreeBSD
foo.example.com
ftp.FreeBSD.org
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation? 

 If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
 STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding! 

 We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!  

                             [ Yes ]    No

                               Message 

Congratulations! You now have FreeBSD installed on your system. 

We will now move on to the final configuration questions. 
For any option you do not wish to configure, simply select No. 

If you wish to re-enter this utility after the system is up, you may
do so by typing: /usr/sbin/sysinstall.

                                 [ OK ] 

                      [  Press enter or space  ]

                                Message
Installation complete with some errors.  You may wish to scroll
through the debugging messages on VTY1 with the scroll-lock feature. 
You can also choose "No" at the next prompt and go back into the
installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed. 

                                 [ OK ]

sysinstall
                      User Confirmation Requested 
   Would you like to configure any Ethernet or PPP network devices?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

                             User Confirmation Requested 
        Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

ed0
k6-2.example.com
example.com
208.163.10.2
192.168.0.1
255.255.255.0
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
ifconfig
                      User Confirmation Requested 
        Would you like to bring the ed0 interface right now?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?

                              [ Yes ]    No

                      User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?

                               Yes   [ No ]

/etc/inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd.  Enabling
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
the exposure of your system.

With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
which of its Internet services will be available.  The default FreeBSD
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled.  Note that services for
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.

Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
use the current settings.

                             [ Yes ]   No

#
inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
                   Would you like to enable SSH login?
                          Yes        [  No  ]

                      User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Anonymous FTP permits un-authenticated users to connect to the system
 FTP server, if FTP service is enabled.  Anonymous users are
 restricted to a specific subset of the file system, and the default
 configuration provides a drop-box incoming directory to which uploads
 are permitted.  You must separately enable both inetd(8), and enable
 ftpd(8) in inetd.conf(5) for FTP services to be available.  If you
 did not do so earlier, you will have the opportunity to enable inetd(8)
 again later.

 If you want the server to be read-only you should leave the upload
 directory option empty and add the -r command-line option to ftpd(8)
 in inetd.conf(5)

 Do you wish to continue configuring anonymous FTP?

                          [ Yes ]         No

/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/passwd
/var
/usr
/usr/ftp
                          User Confirmation Requested 
         Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?

                              [ Yes ]    No

ee
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

exports
                               Message
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
access to your local filesystems.
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
                               [ OK ]

exports
exports
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Would you like to customize your system console settings?

                              [ Yes ]  No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
 or you don't know, please choose NO here! 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                            Confirmation 
            Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?

                            [ Yes ]   No

X
X
                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
         Does this system have a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse?

                            [ Yes ]    No

sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
 ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
 and more. Would you like to browse the collection now? 

                            [ Yes ]   No

root
root
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
 at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
 working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
 adversely affect the entire system). 

                            [ Yes ]   No

/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/tcsh
wheel
root
sysinstall
root
                        Message
 Now you must set the system manager's password.  
 This is the password you'll use to log in as "root". 

                         [ OK ] 

               [ Press enter or space ]

root
New password:
Retype new password :

sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
 options? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot.

                            [ Yes ]   No

                    Message
 Be sure to remove the media from the drive.

                    [ OK ]
           [ Press enter or space ]

/etc/rc.conf
-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map

/.amd_mnt
log
syslogd
/host
/net
/etc/amd.map
net/pcnfsd
rpcbind
/var/db/statd.status
rwhod
dmesg
rpratt
root
Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project. 
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 

Timecounter "i8254"  frequency 1193182 Hz
CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU)
  Origin = "AuthenticAMD"  Id = 0x580  Stepping = 0
  Features=0x8001bf<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,MCE,CX8,MMX> 
  AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> 
real memory  = 268435456 (262144K bytes) 
config> di sn0 
config> di lnc0 
config> di le0 
config> di ie0 
config> di fe0 
config> di cs0 
config> di bt0  
config> di aic0 
config> di aha0 
config> di adv0 
config> q 
avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000. 
Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c. 
md0: Malloc disk 
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard 
npx0: INT 16 interface 
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard 
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0 
pcib1: <VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0 
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1 
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0 
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0 
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 
uhci0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 
usb0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> on uhci0 
usb0: USB revision 1.0 
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered 
chip1: <VIA 82C586B ACPI interface> at device 7.3 on pci0 
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at
device 10.0 on pci0 
ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) 
isa0: too many dependant configs (8) 
isa0: unexpected small tag 14 
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold 
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 
atkbdc0: <keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 
kbd0 at atkbd0 
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0 
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> 
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 
sio0: type 16550A 
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 
sio1: type 16550A 
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode 
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold 
ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE
Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0: 
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0 
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0 
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port 
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 
ad2: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 
acd0: CDROM <DELTA OTC-H101/ST3 F/W by OIPD> at ata0-slave using PIO4 
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a 
swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device 
Automatic boot in progress... 
/dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Doing initial network setup: hostname. 
ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
        inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1
        ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 
Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES
routing daemons:. 
additional daemons: syslogd. 
Doing additional network setup:. 
Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key 
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d root@k6-2.example.com
 creating ssh DSA host key 
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 root@k6-2.example.com.
setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib
/usr/local/lib 
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout 
starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail.
Initial rc.i386 initialization:. 
rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused. 
Additional ABI support: linux. 
Local package initialization:. 
Additional TCP options:. 

FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0)

login: rpratt 
Password:

startx
su
root
wheel
root
shutdown -h now
The operating system has halted. 
Please press any key to reboot.

GENERIC
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/dev/ad0sN  /dos  msdosfs rw  0	0

/dos
/etc/fstab
# mount -t msdosfs /dev/ad0s1 /mnt

dmesg
mount
F?
hint.acpi.0.disabled
set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"

/boot/loader.conf
hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"
changing root device to ad1s1a panic: cannot mount root

bios_drive:interface(unit,partition)kernel_name
ad0
ad2
ad
1:ad(2,a)kernel

da
2:da(0,a)kernel

1:
/boot.config
boot:
F?
/boot/device.hints
-1
hint.ed.0.irq="-1"
-1
~/.Xdefaults
XTerm*color7: #c0c0c0
# mount /dev/da0a /mnt

loader.conf
# echo 'console="comconsole"' >> /mnt/boot/loader.conf

# umount /mnt

FreeBSD-9.0-RELEASE-i386-disc1.iso
# mkdir /path/to/headless-iso
# tar -C /path/to/headless-iso -pxvf FreeBSD-9.0-RELEASE-i386-disc1.iso

loader.conf
# echo 'console="comconsole"' >> /path/to/headless-iso/boot/loader.conf

sysutils/cdrtools
# mkisofs -v -b boot/cdboot -no-emul-boot -r -J -V "Headless_install" \
	    -o Headless-FreeBSD-9.0-RELEASE-i386-disc1.iso /path/to/headless-iso

# cu -l /dev/cuau0

X
# cu -l /dev/cuad0

cu
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-arch/version
arch
version
X
X
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-bootonly.iso
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-dvd1.iso.gz
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-memstick.img
X
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso
X
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc3.iso
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-docs.iso
X
FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-livefs.iso
X
FreeBSD-
bootonly
disc1
disc1
bootonly
bootonly
dvd1
/cdrom
# mount /cdrom

/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent

/etc/inetd.conf
машины нэр
base
FORMAT
A:
bsdlabel
newfs
# fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
# bsdlabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
# newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0

a:\base\base.aa
a:\base\base.ab
base.inf
base
freebsd
c:\freebsd
xcopy
C:\> md c:\freebsd
C:\> xcopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s
C:\> xcopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s

C:
E:
c:\freebsd
BIN
# cd /freebsd/distdir
# tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2

dial
set log local ...
NFS Secure
NFS Slow
ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
ziggy
/usr
/usr/archive/stuff
/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
/etc/exports
permission denied буюу хандах
эрх зөвшөөрөгдөхгүй
x
HARDWARE.TXT
C:
D:
C:
D:
D:
C:
C:
ISO-IMAGES/
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/arch/arch/ISO-IMAGES/version/FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-memstick.img
arch
version
X
X
.img
ISO-IMAGES/
/dev/da0
.img
# dd if=FreeBSD-9.0-RELEASE-i386-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=64k

Your changes will now be written to disk.  If you
have chosen to overwrite existing data, it will
be PERMANENTLY ERASED. Are you sure you want to
commit your changes?

Booting from CD-ROM...
645MB medium detected
CD Loader 1.2

Building the boot loader arguments
Looking up /BOOT/LOADER... Found
Relocating the loader and the BTX
Starting the BTX loader

BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.02
Consoles: internal video/keyboard
BIOS CD is cd0
BIOS drive C: is disk0
BIOS drive D: is disk1
BIOS 636kB/261056kB available memory

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1

Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
/boot/kernel/kernel text=0x64daa0 data=0xa4e80+0xa9e40 syms=[0x4+0x6cac0+0x4+0x88e9d]
\

boot cd:,\ppc\loader cd:0

Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present
Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132.
Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.

BREAK
ok         
ok {0}     

boot
cdrom
Copyright (c) 1992-2011 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE #0 r225473M: Sun Sep 11 16:07:30 BST 2011
    root@psi:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC amd64
CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T9400  @ 2.53GHz (2527.05-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin = "GenuineIntel"  Id = 0x10676  Family = 6  Model = 17  Stepping = 6
  Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
  Features2=0x8e3fd<SSE3,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,SMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,SSE4.1>
  AMD Features=0x20100800<SYSCALL,NX,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x1<LAHF>
  TSC: P-state invariant, performance statistics
real memory  = 3221225472 (3072 MB)
avail memory = 2926649344 (2791 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 400
ACPI APIC Table: <TOSHIB A0064   >
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 2 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 2 core(s)
 cpu0 (BSP): APIC ID:  0
 cpu1 (AP): APIC ID:  1
ioapic0: Changing APIC ID to 1
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-23 on motherboard
kbd1 at kbdmux0
acpi0: <TOSHIB A0064> on motherboard
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
acpi0: reservation of 0, a0000 (3) failed
acpi0: reservation of 100000, b6690000 (3) failed
Timecounter "ACPI-safe" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 850
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0xd808-0xd80b on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
ACPI Warning: Incorrect checksum in table [ASF!] - 0xFE, should be 0x9A (20110527/tbutils-282)
cpu1: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> port 0xcff8-0xcfff mem 0xff400000-0xff7fffff,0xe0000000-0xefffffff irq 16 at device 2.0 on pci0
agp0: <Intel GM45 SVGA controller> on vgapci0
agp0: aperture size is 256M, detected 131068k stolen memory
vgapci1: <VGA-compatible display> mem 0xffc00000-0xffcfffff at device 2.1 on pci0
pci0: <simple comms> at device 3.0 (no driver attached)
em0: <Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection 7.2.3> port 0xcf80-0xcf9f mem 0xff9c0000-0xff9dffff,0xff9fe000-0xff9fefff irq 20 at device 25.0 on pci0
em0: Using an MSI interrupt
em0: Ethernet address: 00:1c:7e:6a:ca:b0
uhci0: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> port 0xcf60-0xcf7f irq 16 at device 26.0 on pci0
usbus0: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> on uhci0
uhci1: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> port 0xcf40-0xcf5f irq 21 at device 26.1 on pci0
usbus1: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> on uhci1
uhci2: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> port 0xcf20-0xcf3f irq 19 at device 26.2 on pci0
usbus2: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB controller> on uhci2
ehci0: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB 2.0 controller> mem 0xff9ff800-0xff9ffbff irq 19 at device 26.7 on pci0
usbus3: EHCI version 1.0
usbus3: <Intel 82801I (ICH9) USB 2.0 controller> on ehci0
hdac0: <Intel 82801I High Definition Audio Controller> mem 0xff9f8000-0xff9fbfff irq 22 at device 27.0 on pci0
pcib1: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 17 at device 28.0 on pci0
pci1: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib1
iwn0: <Intel(R) WiFi Link 5100> mem 0xff8fe000-0xff8fffff irq 16 at device 0.0 on pci1
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 16 at device 28.1 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 18 at device 28.2 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 30.0 on pci0
pci5: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
cbb0: <RF5C476 PCI-CardBus Bridge> at device 11.0 on pci5
cardbus0: <CardBus bus> on cbb0
pccard0: <16-bit PCCard bus> on cbb0
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
ahci0: <Intel ICH9M AHCI SATA controller> port 0x8f58-0x8f5f,0x8f54-0x8f57,0x8f48-0x8f4f,0x8f44-0x8f47,0x8f20-0x8f3f mem 0xff9fd800-0xff9fdfff irq 19 at device 31.2 on pci0
ahci0: AHCI v1.20 with 4 3Gbps ports, Port Multiplier not supported
ahcich0: <AHCI channel> at channel 0 on ahci0
ahcich1: <AHCI channel> at channel 1 on ahci0
ahcich2: <AHCI channel> at channel 4 on ahci0
acpi_lid0: <Control Method Lid Switch> on acpi0
battery0: <ACPI Control Method Battery> on acpi0
acpi_button0: <Power Button> on acpi0
acpi_acad0: <AC Adapter> on acpi0
acpi_toshiba0: <Toshiba HCI Extras> on acpi0
acpi_tz0: <Thermal Zone> on acpi0
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43 irq 0 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> port 0x60,0x64 irq 1 on acpi0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> irq 1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
atkbd0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: model GlidePoint, device ID 0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> port 0x70-0x71 irq 8 on acpi0
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 950
Event timer "HPET" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 450
Event timer "HPET1" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET2" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET3" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 440
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
ppc0: cannot reserve I/O port range
est0: <Enhanced SpeedStep Frequency Control> on cpu0
p4tcc0: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu0
est1: <Enhanced SpeedStep Frequency Control> on cpu1
p4tcc1: <CPU Frequency Thermal Control> on cpu1
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
hdac0: HDA Codec #0: Realtek ALC268
hdac0: HDA Codec #1: Lucent/Agere Systems (Unknown)
pcm0: <HDA Realtek ALC268 PCM #0 Analog> at cad 0 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm1: <HDA Realtek ALC268 PCM #1 Analog> at cad 0 nid 1 on hdac0
usbus0: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus1: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus2: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
usbus3: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0
ugen0.1: <Intel> at usbus0
uhub0: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
ugen1.1: <Intel> at usbus1
uhub1: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
ugen2.1: <Intel> at usbus2
uhub2: <Intel UHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus2
ugen3.1: <Intel> at usbus3
uhub3: <Intel EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus3
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub1: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub2: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub3: 6 ports with 6 removable, self powered
ugen2.2: <vendor 0x0b97> at usbus2
uhub8: <vendor 0x0b97 product 0x7761, class 9/0, rev 1.10/1.10, addr 2> on usbus2
ugen1.2: <Microsoft> at usbus1
ada0 at ahcich0 bus 0 scbus1 target 0 lun 0
ada0: <Hitachi HTS543225L9SA00 FBEOC43C> ATA-8 SATA 1.x device
ada0: 150.000MB/s transfers (SATA 1.x, UDMA6, PIO 8192bytes)
ada0: Command Queueing enabled
ada0: 238475MB (488397168 512 byte sectors: 16H 63S/T 16383C)
ada0: Previously was known as ad4
ums0: <Microsoft Microsoft 3-Button Mouse with IntelliEyeTM, class 0/0, rev 1.10/3.00, addr 2> on usbus1
SMP: AP CPU #1 Launched!
cd0 at ahcich1 bus 0 scbus2 target 0 lun 0
cd0: <TEAC DV-W28S-RT 7.0C> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd0: 150.000MB/s transfers (SATA 1.x, ums0: 3 buttons and [XYZ] coordinates ID=0
UDMA2, ATAPI 12bytes, PIO 8192bytes)
cd0: cd present [1 x 2048 byte records]
ugen0.2: <Microsoft> at usbus0
ukbd0: <Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000, class 0/0, rev 2.00/1.73, addr 2> on usbus0
kbd2 at ukbd0
uhid0: <Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000, class 0/0, rev 2.00/1.73, addr 2> on usbus0
Trying to mount root from cd9660:/dev/iso9660/FREEBSD_INSTALL [ro]...

GENERIC
machine3.example.com
doc
games
lib32
ports
src
ada0
freebsd-boot
freebsd-ufs
freebsd-swap
/
/var
/tmp
/usr
/
/etc/fstab
/dev/gpt/
/dev/
/
/var
/tmp
/usr
/var
ex
freebsd-boot
512K
freebsd-ufs
2G
/
exrootfs
freebsd-swap
4G
exswap
freebsd-ufs
2G
/var
exvarfs
freebsd-ufs
1G
/tmp
extmpfs
freebsd-ufs
/usr
exusrfs
newfs
root
root
root
IP хаяг
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
Default Router
IPv6 Address
Default Router
sshd
moused
ntpd
powerd
root
root
Username
Full name
Uid
Login group
Invite user into 	 other
groups?
Login class
Shell
Home directory
Home directory permissions
Use password-based authentication?
Use an empty password?
Use a random password?
Enter password
Enter password again
Lock out the account after creation?
no
yes
yes
no
Add User
Root Password
Hostname
Network
Services
Time Zone
Handbook
asample
root
dmesg | less
Copyright (c) 1992-2011 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.

    root@farrell.cse.buffalo.edu:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC amd64
CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     E8400  @ 3.00GHz (3007.77-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin = "GenuineIntel"  Id = 0x10676  Family = 6  Model = 17  Stepping = 6
  Features=0x783fbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2>
  Features2=0x209<SSE3,MON,SSSE3>
  AMD Features=0x20100800<SYSCALL,NX,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x1<LAHF>
real memory  = 536805376 (511 MB)
avail memory = 491819008 (469 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 400
ACPI APIC Table: <VBOX   VBOXAPIC>
ioapic0: Changing APIC ID to 1
ioapic0 <Version 1.1> irqs 0-23 on motherboard
kbd1 at kbdmux0
acpi0: <VBOX VBOXXSDT> on motherboard
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
acpi0: Sleep Button (fixed)
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 900
acpi_timer0: <32-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x4008-0x400b on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
atapci0: <Intel PIIX4 UDMA33 controller> port 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6,0x170-0x177,0x376,0xd000-0xd00f at device 1.1 on pci0
ata0: <ATA channel 0> on atapci0
ata1: <ATA channel 1> on atapci0
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> mem 0xe0000000-0xe0ffffff irq 18 at device 2.0 on pci0
em0: <Intel(R) PRO/1000 Legacy Network Connection 1.0.3> port 0xd010-0xd017 mem 0xf0000000-0xf001ffff irq 19 at device 3.0 on pci0
em0: Ethernet address: 08:00:27:9f:e0:92
pci0: <base peripheral> at device 4.0 (no driver attached)
pcm0: <Intel ICH (82801AA)> port 0xd100-0xd1ff,0xd200-0xd23f irq 21 at device 5.0 on pci0
pcm0: <SigmaTel STAC9700/83/84 AC97 Codec>
ohci0: <OHCI (generic) USB controller> mem 0xf0804000-0xf0804fff irq 22 at device 6.0 on pci0
usbus0: <OHCI (generic) USB controller> on ohci0
pci0: <bridge> at device 7.0 (no driver attached)
acpi_acad0: <AC Adapter> on acpi0
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> port 0x60,0x64 irq 1 on acpi0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> irq 1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
atkbd0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: model IntelliMouse Explorer, device ID 4
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43,0x50-0x53 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> at port 0x70 irq 8 on isa0
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
ppc0: cannot reserve I/O port range
Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec
pcm0: measured ac97 link rate at 485193 Hz
em0: link state changed to UP
usbus0: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
ugen0.1: <Apple> at usbus0
uhub0: <Apple OHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
cd0 at ata1 bus 0 scbus1 target 0 lun 0
cd0: <VBOX CD-ROM 1.0> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd0: 33.300MB/s transfers (UDMA2, ATAPI 12bytes, PIO 65534bytes)
cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present
ada0 at ata0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0
ada0: <VBOX HARDDISK 1.0> ATA-6 device
ada0: 33.300MB/s transfers (UDMA2, PIO 65536bytes)
ada0: 12546MB (25694208 512 byte sectors: 16H 63S/T 16383C)
ada0: Previously was known as ad0
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 3007772192 Hz quality 800
Root mount waiting for: usbus0
uhub0: 8 ports with 8 removable, self powered
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/ada0p2 [rw]...
Setting hostuuid: 1848d7bf-e6a4-4ed4-b782-bd3f1685d551.
Setting hostid: 0xa03479b2.
Entropy harvesting: interrupts ethernet point_to_point kickstart.
Starting file system checks:
/dev/ada0p2: FILE SYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ada0p2: clean, 2620402 free (714 frags, 327461 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Mounting local file systems:.
vboxguest0 port 0xd020-0xd03f mem 0xf0400000-0xf07fffff,0xf0800000-0xf0803fff irq 20 at device 4.0 on pci0
vboxguest: loaded successfully
Setting hostname: machine3.example.com.
Starting Network: lo0 em0.
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384
        options=3<RXCSUM,TXCSUM>
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
        nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=9b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM>
        ether 08:00:27:9f:e0:92
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
        media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT <full-duplex>)
        status: active
Starting devd.
Starting Network: usbus0.
DHCPREQUEST on em0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 10.0.2.2
bound to 192.168.1.142 -- renewal in 43200 seconds.
add net ::ffff:0.0.0.0: gateway ::1
add net ::0.0.0.0: gateway ::1
add net fe80::: gateway ::1
add net ff02::: gateway ::1
ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/local/lib
32-bit compatibility ldconfig path: /usr/lib32
Creating and/or trimming log files.
Starting syslogd.
No core dumps found.
Clearing /tmp (X related).
Updating motd:.
Configuring syscons: blanktime.
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
10:a0:f5:af:93:ae:a3:1a:b2:bb:3c:35:d9:5a:b3:f3 root@machine3.example.com
The key's randomart image is:
+--[RSA1 1024]----+
|    o..          |
|   o . .         |
|  .   o          |
|       o         |
|    o   S        |
|   + + o         |
|o . + *          |
|o+ ..+ .         |
|==o..o+E         |
+-----------------+
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
7e:1c:ce:dc:8a:3a:18:13:5b:34:b5:cf:d9:d1:47:b2 root@machine3.example.com
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ DSA 1024]----+
|       ..     . .|
|      o  .   . + |
|     . ..   . E .|
|    . .  o o . . |
|     +  S = .    |
|    +  . = o     |
|     +  . * .    |
|    . .  o .     |
|      .o. .      |
+-----------------+
Starting sshd.
Starting cron.
Starting background file system checks in 60 seconds.

Thu Oct  6 19:15:31 MDT 2011

FreeBSD/amd64 (machine3.example.com) (ttyv0)

login:

wheel
su
root
root
shutdown -p now
GENERIC
hint.acpi.0.disabled
set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"

/boot/loader.conf
hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"
Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.

Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

login:

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

pc3.example.org
ttyv0
login:

login:

john
john
login: john
Password:

john
#
$
%
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
#
ttyv
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

/etc/ttys
console
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off secure

console
secure
insecure
root
insecure
root
options VESA
options SC_PIXEL_MODE

# vidcontrol -i mode

root
# vidcontrol MODE_279

/etc/rc.conf
allscreens_flags="MODE_279"

---
--x
-w-
-wx
r--
r-x
rw-
rwx
ls
-l
% ls -l
total 530
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
...

ls -l
-rw-r--r--

-
rw-
r--
r--
644
/dev
FILE
% chmod go= FILE

FILE
% chmod go-w,a+x FILE

root
file1
# chflags sunlink file1

# chflags nosunlink file1

# ls -lo file1

-rw-r--r--  1 trhodes  trhodes  sunlnk 0 Mar  1 05:54 file1

root
setuid
setgid
sticky
root
Permission Denied
nosuid
nosuid
# chmod 4755 suidexample.sh

suidexample.sh
-rwsr-xr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    63 Aug 29 06:36 suidexample.sh

s
passwd
passwd
passwd
Changing local password for trhodes
Old Password:

# ps aux | grep passwd

trhodes  5232  0.0  0.2  3420  1608   0  R+    2:10AM   0:00.00 grep passwd
root     5211  0.0  0.2  3620  1724   2  I+    2:09AM   0:00.01 passwd

passwd
root
setgid
setuid
setgid
chmod
# chmod 2755 sgidexample.sh

s
-rwxr-sr-x   1 trhodes  trhodes    44 Aug 31 01:49 sgidexample.sh

setuid
setgid
sticky bit
sticky bit
/tmp
# chmod 1777 /tmp

ls
# ls -al / | grep tmp

drwxrwxrwt  10 root  wheel         512 Aug 31 01:49 tmp

sticky bit
t
/usr
/var
/tmp
/mnt
/cdrom
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/
/bin/
/boot/
/boot/defaults/
/dev/
/etc/
/etc/defaults/
/etc/mail/
/etc/namedb/
named
/etc/periodic/
/etc/ppp/
ppp
/mnt/
/proc/
/rescue/
/root/
root
/sbin/
/tmp/
/tmp
/tmp
/etc/fstab
/usr/
/usr/bin/
/usr/include/
/usr/lib/
/usr/libdata/
/usr/libexec/
/usr/local/
/usr/local
/usr
/usr/local/share
/usr/local
share/doc/port 		
/usr/obj/
/usr/src
/usr/ports/
/usr/sbin/
/usr/share/
/usr/src/
/usr/X11R6/
/var/
/var
/etc/fstab
/var/log/
/var/mail/
/var/spool/
/var/tmp/
/var
/var/yp/
readme.txt
README.TXT
.txt
/
foo
bar
readme.txt
foo/bar/readme.txt
\
:
c:/foo/bar/readme.txt
/
A
B
C
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
A
ls
A1
A2
B
A1
B
A1
B
B1
B2
/A1/B1
/A1/B2
/A1
B
B
A2
/A2/B1
/A2/B2
C
B
B1
C
A
A1
join
/home
a
h
a
b
c
c
d
d
s
a
h
s
ad
da
acd
cd
fd
ad0s1a
ad0
s1
a
da1s2e
da1
s2
e
C:
a
e
/var
f
/usr
/
/dev
/usr
/usr/local
/var
log/
spool/
/var
/
fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
төхөөрөмж       /холбох-цэг файл-системийн-төрөл     сонголтууд      dumpfreq     passno

төхөөрөмж
mount-point буюу холбох цэг
файл-системийн-төрөл
ufs
сонголтууд
dumpfreq
passno
passno
passno
passno
passno
/etc/fstab
mount
# mount төхөөрөмж-буюу-диск холбох-цэг

/etc/fstab
fstype
umount
init
init
ps
top
ps
% ps
  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish

PID
TT
STAT
TIME
COMMAND
auxww
% top
last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse

  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
...

named
httpd
lpd
maild
sendmail
root
SIGSEGV
SIGALRM
SIGTERM
SIGKILL
SIGTERM
SIGTERM
SIGKILL
SIGKILL
SIGHUP
SIGUSR1
SIGUSR2
httpd
SIGHUP
httpd
SIGHUP
inetd
/etc/inetd.conf
inetd
SIGHUP
root
% ps -ax | grep inetd
  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW

grep inetd
root
root
% su
Password:
# /bin/kill -s HUP 198

kill: 	 PID: Operation not
	 permitted
kill: 	 PID: No such
process
/bin/kill
kill
/bin/kill
/bin/kill ...
TERM
KILL
/bin/kill -s KILL
1
sh
tcsh
zsh
bash
tcsh
bash
foobar
foo.bar
foo.bar
rm fo[Tab].[Tab]
rm
foo[BEEP].bar
foobar
foo.bar
fo
foo
.
USER
PATH
DISPLAY
SHELL
TERM
TERMCAP
OSTYPE
MACHTYPE
EDITOR
PAGER
MANPATH
tcsh
csh
setenv
sh
bash
export
EDITOR
csh
tcsh
EDITOR
/usr/local/bin/emacs
% setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs

% export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"

$
echo $TERM
$TERM
$TERM
echo
*
echo *
ls
*
echo
\
echo $TERM
echo \$TERM
$TERM
chsh
chsh
EDITOR
vi
chsh
bash
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

/etc/shells
bash
/usr/local/bin
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells

chsh
ee файлын-нэр
файлын-нэр
/etc/rc.conf
ee /etc/rc.conf
ee
^
^e
editors/emacs
editors/vim
EDITOR
/var/run/dmesg.boot
acd0
kbd0
/dev
DEVFS
DEVFS
DEVFS
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
GENERIC
a.out
man
man
% man тушаал

тушаал
ls
% man ls

chmod
% man 1 chmod

chmod
man
% man -k mail

apropos
/usr/bin
% cd /usr/bin
% man -f *

% cd /usr/bin
% whatis *

info
info
% info тушаал

h
?
INSTALL
README
doc/
Makefile
configure
pkg_add
pkg_add
ghostscript
ghostscript-nox11
ports-mgmt/portaudit
portaudit 	-F -a
whereis файлын_нэр
файлын_нэр
# whereis lsof
lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
# echo /usr/ports/*/*lsof*
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

/usr/ports/distfiles
/usr/ports
make search name=програмын-нэр
програмын-нэр
lsof
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=lsof
Port:   lsof-4.56.4
Path:   /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
Info:   Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
Maint:  obrien@FreeBSD.org
Index:  sysutils
B-deps: 
R-deps:

make search key=хайх-мөр
хайх-мөр
sysinstall
# ftp -a ftp2.FreeBSD.org
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org.
220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password.
230-
230-     This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio.
230-         Questions? E-mail freebsd@vienna.verio.net.
230-
230-
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz
local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'lsof-4.56.4.tgz' (92375 bytes).
100% |**************************************************| 92375       00:00 ETA
226 Transfer complete.
92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s)
ftp> exit
# pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz

# pkg_add -r lsof

PACKAGESITE
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
lsof
lsof-4.56.4
PACKAGESITE
ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8.1-release/Latest/
PACKAGESITE
ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8-stable/Latest/
.tgz
.tbz
/packages
/usr/ports
All буюу
бүгд
# pkg_info
cvsup-16.1          A general network file distribution system optimized for CV
docbook-1.2         Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
...

# pkg_version
cvsup                       =
docbook                     =
...

pkg_version
# pkg_delete xchat-1.7.1

xchat-1.7.1
xchat
# pkg_delete xchat\*

xchat
/var/db/pkg
make
/usr/ports
Makefiles
/usr/ports
csup
# csup -L 2 -h cvsup.FreeBSD.org /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile

cvsup.FreeBSD.org
ports-supfile
root
/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
/root
ports-supfile
CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org
csup
# csup -L 2 /root/ports-supfile

/var/db/portsnap
# portsnap fetch

/usr/ports
# portsnap extract

/usr/ports
# portsnap update

root
sysinstall
# sysinstall

Makefile
Makefile
distinfo
files
pkg-descr
pkg-plist
pkg-message
root
ports-mgmt/portaudit
portaudit -F
/usr/ports/distfiles
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
make
# make
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/.
===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[extraction output snipped]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[configure output snipped]
...
===>  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[compilation output snipped]
...
#

make
install
# make install
===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[installation output snipped]
...
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===>  SECURITY NOTE: 
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
#

lsof
# make clean
===>  Cleaning for lsof-4.57
#

make
make install
make clean
make install
clean
PATH
rehash
tcsh
sh
hash -r
/cdrom
CD_MOUNTPTS
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
make fetch
/usr/ports
/usr/ports/net
fetch
fetch-recursive
make
make 	 fetch
MASTER_SITES
MASTER_SITES
# cd /usr/ports/directory
# make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch

MASTER_SITES
ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/
www/firefox
security/gpgme
mail/sylpheed-claws
WRKDIRPREFIX
PREFIX
# make WRKDIRPREFIX=/usr/home/example/ports install

/usr/home/example/ports
/usr/local
# make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install

/usr/ports
/usr/home/example/local
# make WRKDIRPREFIX=../ports PREFIX=../local install

imake
imake
PREFIX
/usr/X11R6
PREFIX
PREFIX
make 	 config
make showconfig
make 	 rmconfig
lsof
# pkg_delete lsof-4.57

# pkg_version -v

/usr/ports/UPDATING
/usr/ports/UPDATING
UPDATING
ports-mgmt/portupgrade
make install
	clean
# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portupgrade
# make install clean

pkgdb
	-F
portupgrade -a
# portupgrade -ai

portupgrade 	багцны-нэр
# portupgrade -R firefox

PKG_PATH
# portupgrade -PP gnome2

ports-mgmt/portmanager
# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmanager
# make install clean

# portmanager -u

make install clean
# portmanager x11/gnome2

# portmanager graphics/gimp -f

/var/db/pkg/
ports-mgmt/portmaster
# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster
# make install clean

# portmaster -L
===>>> Root ports (No dependencies, not depended on)
===>>> ispell-3.2.06_18
===>>> screen-4.0.3
        ===>>> New version available: screen-4.0.3_1
===>>> tcpflow-0.21_1
===>>> 7 root ports
...
===>>> Branch ports (Have dependencies, are depended on)
===>>> apache-2.2.3
        ===>>> New version available: apache-2.2.8
...
===>>> Leaf ports (Have dependencies, not depended on)
===>>> automake-1.9.6_2
===>>> bash-3.1.17
        ===>>> New version available: bash-3.2.33
...
===>>> 32 leaf ports

===>>> 137 total installed ports
        ===>>> 83 have new versions available

# portmaster -a

# portmaster -af

# portmaster shells/bash

work
make clean
# portsclean -C

distfiles
# portsclean -D

# portsclean -DD

portsclean
ports-mgmt/pkg_cutleaves
# pkg_info -L foopackage-1.0.0 | less

man/
etc/
doc/
# pkg_info | grep -i foopackage

foopackage
foopackage
# pkg_info foopackage-1.0.0

WWW:
/usr/local/etc/rc.d
make maintainer
Makefile
Makefile
$FreeBSD:
ftp.FreeBSD.org
x11-wm
# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r xorg

x11/xorg-minimal
sysutils/hal
devel/dbus
x11/xorg
/etc/rc.conf
hald_enable="YES"
dbus_enable="YES"

% startx

# Xorg -configure

/root
xorg.conf.new
$HOME
# Xorg -config xorg.conf.new -retro

n
% setxkbmap -option terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp

x11-input.fdi
/usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<deviceinfo version="0.2">
  <device>
    <match key="info.capabilities" contains="input.keyboard">
	  <merge key="input.x11_options.XkbOptions" type="string">terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp</merge>
    </match>
  </device>
</deviceinfo>

xorg.conf.new
ServerLayout
ServerFlags
Option	"DontZap"	"off"

xorg.conf
InputDevice
ServerLayout
ServerFlags
Option "AutoAddDevices" "false"

x11-input.fdi
/usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<deviceinfo version="0.2">
  <device>
    <match key="info.capabilities" contains="input.keyboard">
	  <merge key="input.x11_options.XkbModel" type="string">pc102</merge>
	  <merge key="input.x11_options.XkbLayout" type="string">fr</merge>
    </match>
  </device>
</deviceinfo>

% setxkbmap -model pc102 -layout fr

/usr/local/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst
xorg.conf.new
xorg.conf.new
"Monitor"
Section "Monitor"
        Identifier   "Monitor0"
        VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
        ModelName    "Monitor Model"
        HorizSync    30-107
        VertRefresh  48-120
EndSection

HorizSync
VertRefresh
HorizSync
VertRefresh
        Option       "DPMS"

xorg.conf.new
"Screen"
Section "Screen"
        Identifier "Screen0"
        Device     "Card0"
        Monitor    "Monitor0"
        DefaultDepth 24
        SubSection "Display"
                Viewport  0 0
                Depth     24
                Modes     "1024x768"
        EndSubSection
EndSection

DefaultDepth
Modes
/var/log/Xorg.0.log
Xorg.0.log
Xorg.8.log
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf
# cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf

agpgart
/boot/loader.conf
Section 	 "Screen"
Mode
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device     "Card0"
Monitor    "Monitor0"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
	Viewport  0 0
	Depth     24
	Modes     "1680x1050"
EndSubSection
EndSection

ModeLines
/var/log/Xorg.0.log
ModeLine
(II) MGA(0): Supported additional Video Mode:
(II) MGA(0): clock: 146.2 MHz   Image Size:  433 x 271 mm
(II) MGA(0): h_active: 1680  h_sync: 1784  h_sync_end 1960 h_blank_end 2240 h_border: 0
(II) MGA(0): v_active: 1050  v_sync: 1053  v_sync_end 1059 v_blanking: 1089 v_border: 0
(II) MGA(0): Ranges: V min: 48  V max: 85 Hz, H min: 30  H max: 94 kHz, PixClock max 170 MHz

ModeLine
ModeLine <name> <clock> <4 horiz. timings> <4 vert. timings>

Section
"Monitor"
ModeLine
Section "Monitor"
Identifier      "Monitor1"
VendorName      "Bigname"
ModelName       "BestModel"
ModeLine        "1680x1050" 146.2 1680 1784 1960 2240 1050 1053 1059 1089
Option          "DPMS"
EndSection

x11-fonts/urwfonts
x11-fonts/freefonts
# cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts
# make install clean

/etc/X11/xorg.conf
FontPath "/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/URW/"

% xset fp+ /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/URW
% xset fp rehash

startx
~/.xinitrc
~/.xsession
/usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
"Module"
Load  "freetype"

/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
fonts.dir
ttmkfdir
x11-fonts/ttmkfdir
# cd /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
# ttmkfdir -o fonts.dir

% xset fp+ /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
% xset fp rehash

xorg.conf
FontPath
/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf
<fontconfig>
      <?xml version="1.0"?>
      <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
      <fontconfig>

/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf
<dir>/үсгийн/маягийн/байгаа/сангийн</зам>

# fc-cache -f

        <match target="font">
            <test name="size" compare="less">
                <double>14</double>
            </test>
            <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">
                <bool>false</bool>
            </edit>
        </match>
        <match target="font">
            <test name="pixelsize" compare="less" qual="any">
                <double>14</double>
            </test>
            <edit mode="assign" name="antialias">
                <bool>false</bool>
            </edit>
        </match>

       <match target="pattern" name="family">
           <test qual="any" name="family">
               <string>fixed</string>
           </test>
           <edit name="family" mode="assign">
               <string>mono</string>
           </edit>
        </match>
        <match target="pattern" name="family">
            <test qual="any" name="family">
                <string>console</string>
            </test>
            <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                <string>mono</string>
            </edit>
        </match>

"mono"
         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>mono</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="spacing" mode="assign">
                 <int>100</int>
             </edit>
         </match>     

local.conf
         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>Helvetica</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                 <string>sans-serif</string>
             </edit>
         </match>       

local.conf
</fontconfig>
.fonts.conf
~/.fonts.conf
local.conf
         <match target="font">
             <test qual="all" name="rgba">
                 <const>unknown</const>
             </test>
             <edit name="rgba" mode="assign">
                 <const>rgb</const>
             </edit>
         </match>

rgb
bgr
vrgb
vbgr
x11/xdm
/usr/local/bin/xdm
root
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
ttyv8   "/usr/local/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

off
on
ttyv8
/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm
Xaccess
Xresources
Xservers
Xsession
Xsetup_
xdm-config
xdm-errors
xdm-pid
xdm-config
~/.xsession
Xsetup_
Xsetup_0
xconsole
~/.xsession-errors
xdm-config
! SECURITY: do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests
! Comment out this line if you want to manage X terminals with xdm
DisplayManager.requestPort:     0

Xaccess
# pkg_add -r gnome2

# cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2
# make install clean

/proc
proc           /proc       procfs  rw  0   0

/etc/fstab
/etc/rc.conf
gdm_enable="YES"

/etc/rc.conf
gnome_enable="YES"

.xinitrc
.xinitrc
% echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc

startx
.xsession
% echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession
% echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession
% chmod +x ~/.xsession

# pkg_add -r kde

# pkg_add -r kde4

# cd /usr/ports/x11/kde3
# make install clean

# cd /usr/ports/x11/kde4
# make install clean

.xinitrc
% echo "exec startkde" > ~/.xinitrc

% echo "exec /usr/local/kde4/bin/startkde" > ~/.xinitrc

startx
.xsession
/etc/ttys
ttyv8
ttyv8 "/usr/local/bin/kdm -nodaemon" xterm on secure

/etc/rc.conf
local_startup="${local_startup} /usr/local/kde4/etc/rc.d"
kdm4_enable="YES"

# pkg_add -r xfce4

# cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4
# make install clean

% echo "/usr/local/bin/startxfce4" > ~/.xinitrc

.xsession
/usr/local/bin/startxfce4
www/dillo2
www/links
www/w3m
# pkg_add -r firefox

# pkg_add -r firefox-esr

# cd /usr/ports/www/firefox
# make install clean

firefox
firefox-esr
# cd /usr/ports/java/openjdk6
# make install clean

java/icedtea-web
# cd /usr/ports/java/icedtea-web
# make install clean

about:plugins
% ln -s /usr/local/lib/IcedTeaPlugin.so \
$HOME/.mozilla/plugins/

www/nspluginwrapper
emulators/linux_base-fc4
www/linux-flashplugin9
www/nspluginwrapper
emulators/linux_base-f10
www/linux-f10-flashplugin11
# ln -s /usr/local/lib/npapi/linux-f10-flashplugin/libflashplayer.so \
  /usr/local/lib/browser_plugins/

/usr/local/lib/browser_plugins
nspluginwrapper
% nspluginwrapper -v -a -i

/compat/linux/proc
# mount -t linprocfs linproc /compat/linux/proc

/etc/fstab
linproc	/compat/linux/proc	linprocfs	rw	0	0

about:plugins
# pkg_add -r swfdec-plugin

# cd /usr/ports/www/swfdec-plugin
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r opera

# cd /usr/ports/www/opera
# make install clean

opera
linux-opera
www/linux-f10-flashplugin11
www/opera-linuxplugins
# cd /usr/ports/www/linux-f10-flashplugin11
# make install clean
# cd /usr/ports/www/opera-linuxplugins
# make install clean

opera:plugins
x11/kdebase3
misc/konq-plugins
# pkg_add -r chromium

# cd /usr/ports/www/chromium
# make install clean

/usr/local/bin/chromium
/usr/local/bin/chrome
# cd /usr/ports/java/openjdk6
# make install clean

java/icedtea-web
# cd /usr/ports/java/icedtea-web
# make install clean

about:plugins
# mkdir -p /usr/local/share/chromium/plugins
# ln -s /usr/local/lib/IcedTeaPlugin.so \
  /usr/local/share/chromium/plugins/

# pkg_add -r koffice-kde4

# cd /usr/ports/editors/koffice-kde4
# make install clean

.doc
# pkg_add -r abiword

# cd /usr/ports/editors/abiword
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r gimp

# cd /usr/ports/graphics/gimp
# make install clean
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/gimp-manual-pdf
# make install clean

graphics/gimp-devel
graphics/gimp-manual-html
# pkg_add -r openoffice.org

% openoffice.org

.openoffice.org
# cd /usr/ports/editors/openoffice.org-3
# make install clean

# make LOCALIZED_LANG=your_language install clean

your_language
files/Makefile.localized
% openoffice.org

# pkg_add -r libreoffice

% libreoffice

.libreoffice
# cd /usr/ports/editors/libreoffice
# make install clean

# make LOCALIZED_LANG=your_language install clean

your_language
Makefile
pre-fetch
% libreoffice

# cd /usr/ports/print/acroread8
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r gv

# cd /usr/ports/print/gv
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r xpdf

# cd /usr/ports/graphics/xpdf
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r gqview

# cd /usr/ports/graphics/gqview
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r gnucash

# cd /usr/ports/finance/gnucash
# make install clean

math/guppi
# pkg_add -r gnumeric

# cd /usr/ports/math/gnumeric
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r abacus

# cd /usr/ports/deskutils/abacus
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r kmymoney2

# cd /usr/ports/finance/kmymoney2
# make install clean

opera
www/opera
firefox
www/firefox
chromium
www/chromium
koffice-kde4
editors/koffice-kde4
abiword
editors/abiword
gimp
graphics/gimp
openoffice
editors/openoffice.org-3
libreoffice
editors/libreoffice
acroread
print/acroread8
gv
print/gv
xpdf
graphics/xpdf
gqview
graphics/gqview
gnucash
finance/gnucash
gnumeric
math/gnumeric
abacus
deskutils/abacus
kmymoney2
finance/kmymoney2
audio/sox
.mpg
.avi
# kldload snd_emu10k1

/boot/loader.conf
snd_emu10k1_load="YES"

/boot/defaults/loader.conf
snd_driver
# kldload snd_driver

/boot/loader.conf
snd_driver
/dev/sndstat
cat /dev/sndstat
device sound

device snd_emu10k1

/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES
/boot/device.hints
snd_sb16
device snd_sbc
device snd_sb16

/boot/device.hints
hint.sbc.0.at="isa"
hint.sbc.0.port="0x220"
hint.sbc.0.irq="5"
hint.sbc.0.drq="1"
hint.sbc.0.flags="0x15"

0x220
5
/boot/device.hints
pcm0: <Intel ICH3 (82801CA)> port 0xdc80-0xdcbf,0xd800-0xd8ff irq 5 at device 31.5 on pci0
pcm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
pcm0: <Cirrus Logic CS4205 AC97 Codec>

/dev/sndstat
# cat /dev/sndstat
FreeBSD Audio Driver (newpcm)
Installed devices:
pcm0: <Intel ICH3 (82801CA)> at io 0xd800, 0xdc80 irq 5 bufsz 16384
kld snd_ich (1p/2r/0v channels duplex default)

pcm
% cdcontrol -f /dev/acd0 play 1

audio/workman
audio/mpg123
/dev/dsp
% cat filename > /dev/dsp

filename
/dev/dsp*
sb_dspwr(XX) timed out
bad irq XX
xxx: gus pcm not attached, out of memory
xxx: can't open /dev/dsp!
fstat | grep dsp
pcm
...
hdac0: HDA Driver Revision: 20100226_0142
hdac1: HDA Driver Revision: 20100226_0142
hdac0: HDA Codec #0: NVidia (Unknown)
hdac0: HDA Codec #1: NVidia (Unknown)
hdac0: HDA Codec #2: NVidia (Unknown)
hdac0: HDA Codec #3: NVidia (Unknown)
pcm0: <HDA NVidia (Unknown) PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 0 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm1: <HDA NVidia (Unknown) PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 1 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm2: <HDA NVidia (Unknown) PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac0
pcm3: <HDA NVidia (Unknown) PCM #0 DisplayPort> at cad 3 nid 1 on hdac0
hdac1: HDA Codec #2: Realtek ALC889
pcm4: <HDA Realtek ALC889 PCM #0 Analog> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm5: <HDA Realtek ALC889 PCM #1 Analog> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm6: <HDA Realtek ALC889 PCM #2 Digital> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac1
pcm7: <HDA Realtek ALC889 PCM #3 Digital> at cad 2 nid 1 on hdac1
...

NVidia
Realtek ALC889
hw.snd.default_unit
# sysctl hw.snd.default_unit=n

n
4
/etc/sysctl.conf
hw.snd.default_unit=4

root
# sysctl dev.pcm.0.play.vchans=4
# sysctl dev.pcm.0.rec.vchans=4
# sysctl hw.snd.maxautovchans=4

pcm0
hw.snd.maxautovchans
pcm
pcm
/dev/dsp0
/boot/device.hints
hint.pcm.0.vol="50"

multimedia/xmms
audio/mpg123
/dev/dsp1.0
Foobar-GreatestHits.mp3
# mpg123 -a /dev/dsp1.0 Foobar-GreatestHits.mp3
High Performance MPEG 1.0/2.0/2.5 Audio Player for Layer 1, 2 and 3.
Version 0.59r (1999/Jun/15). Written and copyrights by Michael Hipp.
Uses code from various people. See 'README' for more!
THIS SOFTWARE COMES WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY! USE AT YOUR OWN RISK!

Playing MPEG stream from Foobar-GreatestHits.mp3 ...
MPEG 1.0 layer III, 128 kbit/s, 44100 Hz joint-stereo

sysutils/cdrtools
cdda2wav
root
# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -B

# cdda2wav -D /dev/acd0 -t 7

0,1,0
cdrecord 	-scanbus
0,1,0
# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -t 7

# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -t 1+7

audio/lame
audio01.wav
audio01.mp3
# lame -h -b 128 \
--tt "Foo Song Title" \
--ta "FooBar Artist" \
--tl "FooBar Album" \
--ty "2001" \
--tc "Ripped and encoded by Foo" \
--tg "Genre" \
audio01.wav audio01.mp3

Options
Preference
Configure
Play
mpg123 -s audio01.mp3 	
> audio01.pcm
audio/sox
% sox -t wav -r 44100 -s -w -c 2 track.wav track.raw

/dev/dvd
# ln -sf /dev/acd0 /dev/dvd
# ln -sf /dev/acd0 /dev/rdvd

/etc/devfs.conf
link acd0 dvd
link acd0 rdvd

kern.ipc.shmmax=67108864
kern.ipc.shmall=32768

xvinfo
% xvinfo

X-Video Extension version 2.2
screen #0
  Adaptor #0: "Savage Streams Engine"
    number of ports: 1
    port base: 43
    operations supported: PutImage 
    supported visuals:
      depth 16, visualID 0x22
      depth 16, visualID 0x23
    number of attributes: 5
      "XV_COLORKEY" (range 0 to 16777215)
              client settable attribute
              client gettable attribute (current value is 2110)
      "XV_BRIGHTNESS" (range -128 to 127)
              client settable attribute
              client gettable attribute (current value is 0)
      "XV_CONTRAST" (range 0 to 255)
              client settable attribute
              client gettable attribute (current value is 128)
      "XV_SATURATION" (range 0 to 255)
              client settable attribute
              client gettable attribute (current value is 128)
      "XV_HUE" (range -180 to 180)
              client settable attribute
              client gettable attribute (current value is 0)
    maximum XvImage size: 1024 x 1024
    Number of image formats: 7
      id: 0x32595559 (YUY2)
        guid: 59555932-0000-0010-8000-00aa00389b71
        bits per pixel: 16
        number of planes: 1
        type: YUV (packed)
      id: 0x32315659 (YV12)
        guid: 59563132-0000-0010-8000-00aa00389b71
        bits per pixel: 12
        number of planes: 3
        type: YUV (planar)
      id: 0x30323449 (I420)
        guid: 49343230-0000-0010-8000-00aa00389b71
        bits per pixel: 12
        number of planes: 3
        type: YUV (planar)
      id: 0x36315652 (RV16)
        guid: 52563135-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
        bits per pixel: 16
        number of planes: 1
        type: RGB (packed)
        depth: 0
        red, green, blue masks: 0x1f, 0x3e0, 0x7c00
      id: 0x35315652 (RV15)
        guid: 52563136-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
        bits per pixel: 16
        number of planes: 1
        type: RGB (packed)
        depth: 0
        red, green, blue masks: 0x1f, 0x7e0, 0xf800
      id: 0x31313259 (Y211)
        guid: 59323131-0000-0010-8000-00aa00389b71
        bits per pixel: 6
        number of planes: 3
        type: YUV (packed)
      id: 0x0
        guid: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
        bits per pixel: 0
        number of planes: 0
        type: RGB (packed)
        depth: 1
        red, green, blue masks: 0x0, 0x0, 0x0

X-Video Extension version 2.2
screen #0
no adaptors present

devel/sdl12
root
dga
work
/proc/cpuinfo
multimedia/mplayer
Makefile
make
# cd /usr/ports/multimedia/mplayer
# make
N - O - T - E

Take a careful look into the Makefile in order
to learn how to tune mplayer towards you personal preferences!
For example,
make WITH_GTK1
builds MPlayer with GTK1-GUI support.
If you want to use the GUI, you can either install
/usr/ports/multimedia/mplayer-skins
or download official skin collections from
http://www.mplayerhq.hu/homepage/dload.html

WITH_XVID
WITH_DVD_DEVICE
/dev/acd0
mplayer
mencoder
.mplayer
% cd /usr/ports/multimedia/mplayer
% make install-user

mplayer
testfile.avi
% mplayer -vo xv testfile.avi

% mplayer -vo sdl testfile.avi

% mplayer -vo x11 testfile.avi

# mplayer -vo dga testfile.avi

# mplayer -vo 'sdl:dga' testfile.avi

testfile.avi
N
DEVICE
N
DEVICE
/dev/dvd
# mplayer -vo xv dvd://3 -dvd-device /dev/dvd

WITH_DVD_DEVICE
/dev/acd0
Makefile
mplayer
-h
.mplayer/config
vo=xv
fs=yes
zoom=yes

mplayer
.vob
# mplayer -dumpstream -dumpfile out.vob dvd://2 -dvd-device /dev/dvd

out.vob
mencoder
% mencoder input.avi -oac copy -ovc copy -o output.avi

mplayer
mplayer
input.avi
audio/lame
% mencoder input.avi -oac mp3lame -lameopts br=192 \
	 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vhq -o output.avi

mplayer
xine
input.avi
root
multimedia/xine
% xine

% xine -g -p mymovie.avi

stdin/stdout
multimedia/transcode
# make WITH_OPTIMIZED_CFLAGS=yes WITH_LIBA52=yes WITH_LAME=yes WITH_OGG=yes \
WITH_MJPEG=yes -DWITH_XVID=yes

transcode
% transcode -i input.avi -V --export_prof vcd-pal -o output_vcd
% mplex -f 1 -o output_vcd.mpg output_vcd.m1v output_vcd.mpa

output_vcd.mpg
multimedia/vcdimager
sysutils/cdrdao
transcode
multimedia/avifile
multimedia/ogle
multimedia/dvdauthor
/boot/loader.conf
bktr_load="YES"

device	 bktr
device	iicbus
device	iicbb
device	smbus

bktr0: <BrookTree 848A> mem 0xd7000000-0xd7000fff irq 10 at device 10.0 on pci0
iicbb0: <I2C bit-banging driver> on bti2c0
iicbus0: <Philips I2C bus> on iicbb0 master-only
iicbus1: <Philips I2C bus> on iicbb0 master-only
smbus0: <System Management Bus> on bti2c0
bktr0: Pinnacle/Miro TV, Philips SECAM tuner.

options OVERRIDE_TUNER=6

# sysctl hw.bt848.tuner=6

/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES
multimedia/fxtv
multimedia/xawtv
misc/alevt
audio/xmradio
audio/wmtune
multimedia/webcamd
multimedia/pvr250
multimedia/pvrxxx
multimedia/mythtv-frontend
x11/xorg
multimedia/mythtv
multimedia/mythtv
# cd /usr/ports/multimedia/mythtv
# make install

# mysql -uroot -p < /usr/local/share/mythtv/database/mc.sql

# mythtv-setup

# echo 'mythbackend_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf
# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/mythbackend start

GENERIC
device usb
device uhci
device ohci
device ehci

device uscanner

ugen0.2: <EPSON> at usbus0

uscanner0: EPSON EPSON Scanner, rev 1.10/3.02, addr 2

/dev/ugen0.2
/dev/uscanner0
GENERIC
NOTES
device scbus
device pass

pass2 at aic0 bus 0 target 2 lun 0
pass2: <AGFA SNAPSCAN 600 1.10> Fixed Scanner SCSI-2 device
pass2: 3.300MB/s transfers

# camcontrol rescan all
Re-scan of bus 0 was successful
Re-scan of bus 1 was successful
Re-scan of bus 2 was successful
Re-scan of bus 3 was successful

# camcontrol devlist
<IBM DDRS-34560 S97B>              at scbus0 target 5 lun 0 (pass0,da0)
<IBM DDRS-34560 S97B>              at scbus0 target 6 lun 0 (pass1,da1)
<AGFA SNAPSCAN 600 1.10>           at scbus1 target 2 lun 0 (pass3)
<PHILIPS CDD3610 CD-R/RW 1.00>     at scbus2 target 0 lun 0 (pass2,cd0)

graphics/sane-backends
graphics/sane-frontends
graphics/sane-backends
sane-find-scanner
# sane-find-scanner -q
found SCSI scanner "AGFA SNAPSCAN 600 1.10" at /dev/pass3

# scanimage -L
device `snapscan:/dev/pass3' is a AGFA SNAPSCAN 600 flatbed scanner

# scanimage -L
device 'epson2:libusb:/dev/usb:/dev/ugen0.2' is a Epson GT-8200 flatbed scanner

'epson2:libusb:/dev/usb:/dev/ugen0.2'
epson2
/dev/ugen0.2
/usr/local/etc/sane.d/
sane-find-scanner
# sane-find-scanner -q
found USB scanner (UNKNOWN vendor and product) at device /dev/uscanner0

/dev/uscanner0
# scanimage -L

No scanners were identified. If you were expecting something different,
check that the scanner is plugged in, turned on and detected by the
sane-find-scanner tool (if appropriate). Please read the documentation
which came with this software (README, FAQ, manpages).

/usr/local/etc/sane.d/epson2.conf
epson2
scsi
usb /dev/uscanner0

# scanimage -L
device `epson:/dev/uscanner0' is a Epson GT-8200 flatbed scanner

`epson:/dev/uscanner0'
scanimage -L
graphics/sane-frontends
graphics/xsane
root
operator
/dev/usb/0.2.0
/dev/ugen0.2
/dev
wheel
operator
joe
wheel
usb
# pw groupadd usb

/dev/ugen0.2
/dev/usb/0.2.0
usb
0660
0664
root
/etc/devfs.rules
[system=5]
add path ugen0.2 mode 0660 group usb
add path usb/0.2.0 mode 0666 group usb

/dev/uscanner0
[system=5]
add path uscanner0 mode 660 group usb

/etc/rc.conf
devfs_system_ruleset="system"

usb
# pw groupmod usb -m joe

root
GENERIC
GENERIC
GENERIC
psm
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: [ITHREAD]
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0

dmesg
/var/run/dmesg.boot
ath0@pci0:3:0:0:        class=0x020000 card=0x058a1014 chip=0x1014168c rev=0x01 hdr=0x00
    vendor     = 'Atheros Communications Inc.'
    device     = 'AR5212 Atheros AR5212 802.11abg wireless'
    class      = network
    subclass   = ethernet

pciconf -lv
ath
man ath
# man -k Atheros

ath(4)                   - Atheros IEEE 802.11 wireless network driver
ath_hal(4)               - Atheros Hardware Access Layer (HAL)

/boot/kernel
ath
Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the
     following line in loader.conf(5):

           if_ath_load="YES"

/boot/loader.conf
if_ath_load="YES"
loader.conf
/usr/src/sys
/sys
arch/conf
compile
arch
i386
amd64
ia64
powerpc
sparc64
pc98
/usr/src/
root
sysinstall
/usr/src/sys/
# ln -s /usr/src/sys /sys

arch/conf
GENERIC
# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf
# cp GENERIC MYKERNEL

MYKERNEL
/usr/src
/usr/src
GENERIC
i386
# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf
# mkdir /root/kernels
# cp GENERIC /root/kernels/MYKERNEL	
# ln -s /root/kernels/MYKERNEL

MYKERNEL
GENERIC
GENERIC
/usr/src/UPDATING
/usr/src/UPDATING
/usr/src
# cd /usr/src

# make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL

# make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL

/etc/make.conf
MODULES_OVERRIDE = linux acpi sound/sound sound/driver/ds1 ntfs

WITHOUT_MODULES = linux acpi sound ntfs

/boot/kernel
/boot/kernel/kernel
/boot/kernel.old/kernel
/boot
/boot/kernel
#
GENERIC
GENERIC
NOTES
/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES
include
GENERIC
include GENERIC
ident MYKERNEL

options         IPFIREWALL
options         DUMMYNET
options         IPFIREWALL_DEFAULT_TO_ACCEPT
options         IPDIVERT

GENERIC
GENERIC
nooptions
nodevice
root
# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf && make LINT

GENERIC
/usr/src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC
machine		i386

amd64
i386
ia64
pc98
powerpc
sparc64
cpu          I486_CPU
cpu          I586_CPU
cpu          I686_CPU

I586_CPU
I686_CPU
/var/run/dmesg.boot
ident          GENERIC

MYKERNEL
ident
#To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints          "GENERIC.hints"         # Default places to look for devices.

/boot/device.hints
hints
/boot
device.hints
makeoptions     DEBUG=-g          # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols

options          SCHED_ULE         # ULE scheduler

options          PREEMPTION         # Enable kernel thread preemption

options          INET              # InterNETworking

options          INET6             # IPv6 communications protocols

options          FFS               # Berkeley Fast Filesystem

options          SOFTUPDATES       # Enable FFS Soft Updates support

soft-updates
options          UFS_ACL           # Support for access control lists

options          UFS_DIRHASH       # Improve performance on big directories

options          MD_ROOT           # MD is a potential root device

options          NFSCLIENT         # Network Filesystem Client
options          NFSSERVER         # Network Filesystem Server
options          NFS_ROOT          # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT

options          MSDOSFS           # MSDOS Filesystem

emulators/mtools
MSDOSFS
options          CD9660            # ISO 9660 Filesystem

options          PROCFS            # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)

/proc
PROCFS
PROCFS
options          PSEUDOFS          # Pseudo-filesystem framework

PROCFS
PSEUDOFS
options          GEOM_PART_GPT          # GUID Partition Tables.

options          COMPAT_43         # Compatible with BSD 4.3 [KEEP THIS!]

options          COMPAT_FREEBSD4   # Compatible with FreeBSD4

options          COMPAT_FREEBSD5   # Compatible with FreeBSD5

options          COMPAT_FREEBSD6   # Compatible with FreeBSD6

options          COMPAT_FREEBSD7   # Compatible with FreeBSD7

options          SCSI_DELAY=5000  # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI

options          KTRACE            # ktrace(1) support

options          SYSVSHM           # SYSV-style shared memory

options          SYSVMSG           # SYSV-style message queues

options          SYSVSEM           # SYSV-style semaphores

options 	     _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions

options          KBD_INSTALL_CDEV  # install a CDEV entry in /dev

/dev
options          ADAPTIVE_GIANT    # Giant mutex is adaptive.

ADAPTIVE_GIANT
NO_ADAPTIVE_MUTEXES
ADAPTIVE_GIANT
device          apic               # I/O APIC

options SMP
device          eisa

device          pci

# Floppy drives
device          fdc

# ATA and ATAPI devices
device          ata

device ata
device          atadisk                 # ATA disk drives

device ata
device          ataraid                 # ATA RAID drives

device ata

device          atapicd                 # ATAPI CDROM drives

device ata
device          atapifd                 # ATAPI floppy drives

device ata
device          atapist                 # ATAPI tape drives

device ata
options         ATA_STATIC_ID           # Static device numbering

# SCSI Controllers
device          ahb        # EISA AHA1742 family
device          ahc        # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
options         AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT    # Print register bitfields in debug
		    # output.  Adds ~128k to driver.
device          ahd        # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
options         AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT    # Print register bitfields in debug
		    # output.  Adds ~215k to driver.
device          amd        # AMD 53C974 (Teckram DC-390(T))
device          isp        # Qlogic family
#device         ispfw      # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
device          mpt        # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
#device         ncr        # NCR/Symbios Logic
device          sym        # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
device          trm        # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters

device          adv        # Advansys SCSI adapters
device          adw        # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
device          aha        # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
device          aic        # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
device          bt         # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters

device          ncv        # NCR 53C500
device          nsp        # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
device          stg        # TMC 18C30/18C50

*_REG_PRETTY_PRINT
# SCSI peripherals
device          scbus      # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
device          ch         # SCSI media changers
device          da         # Direct Access (disks)
device          sa         # Sequential Access (tape etc)
device          cd         # CD
device          pass       # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
device          ses        # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)

# RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
device          amr        # AMI MegaRAID
device          arcmsr     # Areca SATA II RAID
device          asr        # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
device          ciss       # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
device          dpt        # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
device          hptmv      # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
device          hptrr      # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
device          iir        # Intel Integrated RAID
device          ips        # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
device          mly        # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
device          twa        # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID

# RAID controllers
device          aac        # Adaptec FSA RAID
device          aacp       # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
device          ida        # Compaq Smart RAID
device          mfi        # LSI MegaRAID SAS
device          mlx        # Mylex DAC960 family
device          pst        # Promise Supertrak SX6000
device          twe        # 3ware ATA RAID

# atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device          atkbdc     # AT keyboard controller

atkbdc
atkbd
psm
device          atkbd      # AT keyboard

atkbd
atkbdc
device          psm        # PS/2 mouse

device          kbdmux        # keyboard multiplexer

device          vga        # VGA video card driver

device          splash     # Splash screen and screen saver support

# syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device          sc

sc
termcap
VT220
vt
TERM
scoansi
# Enable this for the pcvt (VT220 compatible) console driver
#device          vt
#options         XSERVER          # support for X server on a vt console
#options         FAT_CURSOR       # start with block cursor

sc
TERM
vt100
vt220
sc
termcap
terminfo
vt100
device          agp

# Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
#device          apm

GENERIC
# Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
device           pmtimer

# PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
device          cbb               # cardbus (yenta) bridge
device          pccard            # PC Card (16-bit) bus
device          cardbus           # CardBus (32-bit) bus

# Serial (COM) ports
device          sio               # 8250, 16[45]50 based serial ports

COM
COM4
COM2
/boot/device.hints
0x*2e8
COM4
COM3
COM4
# Parallel port
device          ppc

device          ppbus      # Parallel port bus (required)

device          lpt        # Printer

device          plip       # TCP/IP over parallel

device          ppi        # Parallel port interface device

#device         vpo        # Requires scbus and da

scbus
da
#device         puc

# PCI Ethernet NICs.
device          de         # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (“Tulip”)
device          em         # Intel PRO/1000 adapter Gigabit Ethernet Card
device          ixgb       # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
device          txp        # 3Com 3cR990 (“Typhoon”)
device          vx         # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (“Vortex”)

# PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
device          miibus     # MII bus support

device miibus
device          bce        # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
device          bfe        # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
device          bge        # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
device          dc         # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
device          fxp        # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
device          lge        # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit ethernet
device          msk        # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
device          nge        # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit ethernet
device          nve        # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
device          pcn        # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'lnc')
device          re         # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
device          rl         # RealTek 8129/8139
device          sf         # Adaptec AIC-6915 (“Starfire”)
device          sis        # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
device          sk         # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
device          ste        # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
device          stge       # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
device          ti         # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
device          tl         # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
device          tx         # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 “EPIC”)
device          vge        # VIA VT612x gigabit ethernet
device          vr         # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
device          wb         # Winbond W89C840F
device          xl         # 3Com 3c90x (“Boomerang”, “Cyclone”)

# ISA Ethernet NICs.  pccard NICs included.
device          cs         # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
device          ed         # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
device          ex         # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
device          ep         # Etherlink III based cards
device          fe         # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
device          ie         # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
device          lnc        # NE2100, NE32-VL Lance Ethernet cards
device          sn         # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
device          xe         # Xircom pccard Ethernet

# ISA devices that use the old ISA shims
#device         le

/usr/src/sys/i386/conf/NOTES
# Wireless NIC cards
device          wlan            # 802.11 support

device          wlan_wep        # 802.11 WEP support
device          wlan_ccmp       # 802.11 CCMP support
device          wlan_tkip       # 802.11 TKIP support

device          an         # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
device          ath             # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's
device          ath_hal         # Atheros HAL (Hardware Access Layer)
device          ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
device          awi        # BayStack 660 and others
device          ral        # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
device          wi         # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device         wl         # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.

# Pseudo devices
device   loop          # Network loopback

localhost
127.0.0.1
device   random        # Entropy device

device   ether         # Ethernet support

ether
device   sl            # Kernel SLIP

sl
device   ppp           # Kernel PPP

tun
device   tun           # Packet tunnel.

device   pty           # Pseudo-ttys (telnet etc)

telnet
rlogin
device   md            # Memory “disks”

device   gif           # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling

gif
device   faith         # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)

# The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
# Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
# Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
device   bpf           # Berkeley packet filter

# USB support
device          uhci          # UHCI PCI->USB interface
device          ohci          # OHCI PCI->USB interface
device          ehci          # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
device          usb           # USB Bus (required)
#device         udbp          # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
device          ugen          # Generic
device          uhid          # “Human Interface Devices”
device          ukbd          # Keyboard
device          ulpt          # Printer
device          umass         # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
device          ums           # Mouse
device          ural          # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
device          urio          # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
device          uscanner      # Scanners
# USB Ethernet, requires mii
device          aue           # ADMtek USB Ethernet
device          axe           # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
device          cdce          # Generic USB over Ethernet
device          cue           # CATC USB Ethernet
device          kue           # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
device          rue           # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet

# FireWire support
device          firewire      # FireWire bus code
device          sbp           # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
device          fwe           # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)

/usr/src/sys/i386/conf/NOTES
options		    PAE

PAE
config
config: line 17: syntax error

GENERIC
make
make
boot kernel.old
/var/log/messages
GENERIC
kernel.old
kernel.old
/boot/kernel
# mv /boot/kernel /boot/kernel.bad
# mv /boot/kernel.good /boot/kernel

/etc/printcap
/dev/ttydN
/dev/ttyuN
/etc/printcap
ppc0
ppc1
/dev/lpt0
bps
/etc/printcap
# grep sioN /var/run/dmesg.boot

N
sio2 at port 0x3e8-0x3ef irq 5 on isa
sio2: type 16550A

# grep ppcN /var/run/dmesg.boot

N
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/8 bytes threshold

ppc0
ppc1
ppc2
hint.ppc.0.irq="N"

/boot/device.hints
N
device ppc

/boot/device.hints
hint.ppc.0.irq="N"

# lptcontrol -i -d /dev/lptN

lptN
# lptcontrol -p -d /dev/lptN

lptN
/etc/rc.local
%!PS
100 100 moveto 300 300 lineto stroke
310 310 moveto /Helvetica findfont 12 scalefont setfont
(Is this thing working?) show
showpage

root
# lptest > /dev/lptN

N
# cat > /dev/lptN

RETURN
ENTER
CONTROL+D
# cat file > /dev/lptN

file
root
/etc/remote
printer:dv=/dev/port:br#bps-rate:pa=parity

port
ttyu0
ttyu1
bps-rate
parity
even
odd
none
zero
printer:dv=/dev/ttyu2:br#19200:pa=none

# tip printer

/etc/remote
/dev/ttyuN
/dev/cuaaN
% $lptest

CONTROL+D
% >file

file
/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
/usr/share/misc/termcap
/etc/remote
/etc/printcap
sh
sd
/dev
lp
/etc/printcap
ms#
/etc/printcap
lp
PRINTER
lp
/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:

rattan
line
diablo
lp
Diablo 630 Line 	
Printer
lp
bamboo
ps
PS
S
panasonic
Panasonic
KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4
/etc/printcap
sh
sh
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - no header pages anywhere
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:

/var/spool
# mkdir /var/spool/printer-name

rattan
bamboo
# mkdir /var/spool/lpd
# mkdir /var/spool/lpd/rattan
# mkdir /var/spool/lpd/bamboo

daemon
daemon
# chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/rattan
# chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/bamboo
# chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/rattan
# chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/bamboo

/etc/printcap
sd
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - added spooling directories
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
	:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
	:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:

sd
/var/spool/lpd
/dev
lp
/etc/printcap
/dev
rattan
bamboo
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - identified what devices to use
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:

/etc/printcap
lp
/dev/lp
/dev/lp
/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
lp
br#bps-rate
bps-rate
bps-rate
ms#stty-mode
lp
ms#
parenb
parodd
cs5
cs6
cs7
cs8
cstopb
crtscts
ixon
-parenb
cs8
clocal
crtscts
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:

lp
/bin/cat
lpf
lpf
/usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#!/bin/sh
#
# if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout.  Ignores all filter arguments.

/bin/cat && exit 0
exit 2

# chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/if-simple

/etc/printcap
if
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - added text filter
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

if-simple
/usr/share/examples/printing
lpd_enable
/etc/rc
NO
lpd_enable="YES"

/etc/rc.conf
# lpd

# lptest 20 5 | lpr -Pprinter-name

printer-name
/etc/printcap
lpr 	 file
!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234
"#$%&'()*+,-./012345
#$%&'()*+,-./0123456
$%&'()*+,-./01234567
%&'()*+,-./012345678

lptest 80 60
/dev/ttydN
/dev/ttyuN
/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf
lpr -t
lpr -d
lpr -v
lpf
lpf
/usr/share/examples/printing
/etc/printcap
lf
/dev/console
/etc/printcap
lpr -t
tf
if
/etc/printcap
filter-name
width
length
indent
login
host
acct-file
lpr -l
width
/etc/printcap
pw
length
pl
indent
lpr -i
login
host
acct-file
af
filter-name
pixel-width
pixel-height
login
host
acct-file
pixel-width
px
pixel-height
py
filter-name
width
length
/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf
%!
lprps
lprps
toner low
paper jam
textps
lprps
psif
lprps
lprps
print/lprps-a4
print/lprps-letter
lprps
lprps
psif
lprps
/etc/printcap
:if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:

rw
lprps
#!/bin/sh
#
#  psif - Print PostScript or plain text on a PostScript printer
#  Script version; NOT the version that comes with lprps
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psif
#

IFS="" read -r first_line
first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`

if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
    #
    #  PostScript job, print it.
    #
    echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\004" && exit 0
    exit 2
else
    #
    #  Plain text, convert it, then print it.
    #
    ( echo "$first_line"; cat ) | /usr/local/bin/textps && printf "\004" && exit 0
    exit 2
fi

textps
a2ps
print/ghostscript-gpl
gs
gs -h
#!/bin/sh
#
#  ifhp - Print Ghostscript-simulated PostScript on a DeskJet 500
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/ifhp

#
#  Treat LF as CR+LF (to avoid the "staircase effect" on HP/PCL
#  printers):
#
printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2

#
#  Read first two characters of the file
#
IFS="" read -r first_line
first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`

if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
    #
    #  It is PostScript; use Ghostscript to scan-convert and print it.
    #
    /usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 \
      -sOutputFile=- - && exit 0
else
    #
    #  Plain text or HP/PCL, so just print it directly; print a form feed
    #  at the end to eject the last page.
    #
    echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\033&l0H" && 
exit 0
fi

exit 2

if
:if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:

lpr plain.text
lpr
whatever.ps
% dvips seaweed-analysis.dvi
% lpr seaweed-analysis.ps

% lpr -d seaweed-analysis.dvi

/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
lpr
/etc/printcap
lpr
cf
df
gf
nf
rf
tf
vf
if
lpr -d
/etc/printcap
df
gf
lpr -g
/usr/local
/usr/local/libexec
/etc/printcap
bamboo
bamboo
df
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - added df filter for bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
        :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

/usr/local/libexec/psdf
#!/bin/sh
#
#  psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
#
# Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
#
exec /usr/local/bin/dvips -f | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"

dvips
lprps
lprps
#!/bin/sh
#
#  hpvf - Convert GIF files into HP/PCL, then print
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpvf

PATH=/usr/X11R6/bin:$PATH; export PATH
giftopnm | ppmtopgm | pgmtopbm | pbmtolj -resolution 300 \
    && exit 0 \
    || exit 2

/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\
        :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf:

bamboo
#!/bin/sh
#
#  pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
#
exec grops | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"

lprps
#!/bin/sh
#
#  pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
#
exec grops

/etc/printcap
:tf=/usr/local/libexec/pstf:

teak
#!/bin/sh
#
# hprf - FORTRAN text filter for LaserJet 3si:
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hprf
#

printf "\033&k2G" && fpr && printf "\033&l0H" &&
 exit 0
exit 2

teak
/etc/printcap
:rf=/usr/local/libexec/hprf:

teak
/etc/printcap
:df=/usr/local/libexec/hpdf:

print/dvi2xx
dvilj2p
dvilj2p
hpdf
dvilj2p
.dvi
/dev/fd/0
.dvi
/dev/fd/0
dvilj2p
/tmp
bin
/tmp
/etc/printcap
sd
/tmp
#!/bin/sh
#
#  hpdf - Print DVI data on HP/PCL printer
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpdf

PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH; export PATH

#
#  Define a function to clean up our temporary files.  These exist
#  in the current directory, which will be the spooling directory
#  for the printer.
#
cleanup() {
   rm -f hpdf$$.dvi
}

#
#  Define a function to handle fatal errors: print the given message
#  and exit 2.  Exiting with 2 tells LPD to do not try to reprint the
#  job.
#
fatal() {
    echo "$@" 1>&2
    cleanup
    exit 2
}

#
#  If user removes the job, LPD will send SIGINT, so trap SIGINT
#  (and a few other signals) to clean up after ourselves.
#
trap cleanup 1 2 15 

#
#  Make sure we are not colliding with any existing files.
#
cleanup

#
#  Link the DVI input file to standard input (the file to print).
#
ln -s /dev/fd/0 hpdf$$.dvi || fatal "Cannot symlink /dev/fd/0"

#
#  Make LF = CR+LF
#
printf "\033&k2G" || fatal "Cannot initialize printer"

# 
#  Convert and print.  Return value from dvilj2p does not seem to be
#  reliable, so we ignore it.
#
dvilj2p -M1 -q -e- dfhp$$.dvi

#
#  Clean up and exit
#
cleanup
exit 0

file
apsfilter
print/apsfilter
шүүлтүүрийн-нэр
өргөн
урт
өргөн
pw
урт
pl
SIGSTOP
SIGCONT
lpf
lpf
lpf
lpf
/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf
lpr -i
lpr -l
lpf
lpf
lpf
/etc/printcap
pw
pl
/etc/printcap
sh
sh
#!/bin/sh
#
#  hpof - Output filter for Hewlett Packard PCL-compatible printers
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpof

printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2
exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf

of
teak
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\
        :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf:\
        :of=/usr/local/libexec/hpof:

teak
lpr -h
/etc/printcap
ff
kelly
rose
      k                   ll       ll
      k                    l        l
      k                    l        l
      k   k     eeee       l        l     y    y
      k  k     e    e      l        l     y    y
      k k      eeeeee      l        l     y    y
      kk k     e           l        l     y    y
      k   k    e    e      l        l     y   yy
      k    k    eeee      lll      lll     yyy y
                                               y
                                          y    y
                                           yyyy

                                   ll
                          t         l        i
                          t         l
       oooo    u    u   ttttt       l       ii     n nnn     eeee
      o    o   u    u     t         l        i     nn   n   e    e
      o    o   u    u     t         l        i     n    n   eeeeee
      o    o   u    u     t         l        i     n    n   e
      o    o   u   uu     t  t      l        i     n    n   e    e
       oooo     uuu u      tt      lll      iii    n    n    eeee

      r rrr     oooo     ssss     eeee
      rr   r   o    o   s    s   e    e
      r        o    o    ss      eeeeee
      r        o    o      ss    e
      r        o    o   s    s   e    e
      r         oooo     ssss     eeee

                                              Job:  outline
                                              Date: Sun Sep 17 11:04:58 1995

/etc/printcap
sf
/etc/printcap
sb
rose:kelly  Job: outline  Date: Sun Sep 17 11:07:51 1995

/etc/printcap
hl
lpr -h
lpr -h
lpr -h
af
sh
/etc/printcap
lpr -h
#!/bin/sh
#
#  make-ps-header - make a PostScript header page on stdout
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header
#

#
#  These are PostScript units (72 to the inch).  Modify for A4 or
#  whatever size paper you are using:
#
page_width=612
page_height=792
border=72

#
#  Check arguments
#
if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then
    echo "Usage: `basename $0` <user> <host> <job>" 1>&2
    exit 1
fi

#
#  Save these, mostly for readability in the PostScript, below.
#
user=$1
host=$2
job=$3
date=`date`

#
#  Send the PostScript code to stdout.
#
exec cat <<EOF
%!PS

%
%  Make sure we do not interfere with user's job that will follow
%
save

%
%  Make a thick, unpleasant border around the edge of the paper.
%
$border $border moveto
$page_width $border 2 mul sub 0 rlineto
0 $page_height $border 2 mul sub rlineto
currentscreen 3 -1 roll pop 100 3 1 roll setscreen
$border 2 mul $page_width sub 0 rlineto closepath
0.8 setgray 10 setlinewidth stroke 0 setgray

%
%  Display user's login name, nice and large and prominent
%
/Helvetica-Bold findfont 64 scalefont setfont
$page_width ($user) stringwidth pop sub 2 div $page_height 200 sub moveto
($user) show

%
%  Now show the boring particulars
%
/Helvetica findfont 14 scalefont setfont
/y 200 def
[ (Job:) (Host:) (Date:) ] {
200 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def }
forall

/Helvetica-Bold findfont 14 scalefont setfont
/y 200 def
[ ($job) ($host) ($date) ] {
        270 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def
} forall

%
% That is it
%
restore
showpage
EOF

#!/bin/sh
#
#  psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
#
#  Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
#

orig_args="$@"

fail() {
    echo "$@" 1>&2
    exit 2
}

while getopts "x:y:n:h:" option; do
    case $option in
        x|y)  ;; # Ignore
        n)    login=$OPTARG ;;
        h)    host=$OPTARG ;;
        *)    echo "LPD started `basename $0` wrong." 1>&2
              exit 2
              ;;
    esac
done

[ "$login" ] || fail "No login name"
[ "$host" ] || fail "No host name"

( /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header $login $host "DVI File"
  /usr/local/bin/dvips -f ) | eval /usr/local/libexec/lprps $orig_args

lpr
lpr -h
lprps
psof
psof
text
hpif
/etc/printcap
lp
:lp=:
sd
rm
rp
/etc/printcap
rose
bamboo
rattan
orchid
orchid
/etc/printcap
teak
rose
#
#  /etc/printcap for host orchid - added (remote) printers on rose
#

#
#  teak is local; it is connected directly to orchid:
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\
        :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\
        :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp:

#
#  rattan is connected to rose; send jobs for rattan to rose:
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
	:lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:

#
#  bamboo is connected to rose as well:
#
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:

orchid
# mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo
# chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo
# chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo

orchid
rattan
bamboo
orchid
% lpr -P bamboo -d sushi-review.dvi

orchid
/var/spool/lpd/bamboo
rose
bamboo
rose
rose
bamboo
rose
/etc/printcap
netprint
netprint
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
#  netprint - Text filter for printer attached to network
#  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/netprint
#
$#ARGV eq 1 || die "Usage: $0 <printer-hostname> <port-number>";

$printer_host = $ARGV[0];
$printer_port = $ARGV[1];

require 'sys/socket.ph';

($ignore, $ignore, $protocol) = getprotobyname('tcp');
($ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $address)
    = gethostbyname($printer_host);

$sockaddr = pack('S n a4 x8', &AF_INET, $printer_port, $address);

socket(PRINTER, &PF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $protocol)
    || die "Can't create TCP/IP stream socket: $!";
connect(PRINTER, $sockaddr) || die "Can't contact $printer_host: $!";
while (<STDIN>) { print PRINTER; }
exit 0;

scrivener
#!/bin/sh
#
#  diablo-if-net - Text filter for Diablo printer `scrivener' listening
#  on port 5100.   Installed in /usr/local/libexec/diablo-if-net
#
exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100

lpr -#5
sc
/etc/printcap
lpr: multiple copies are not allowed

sc
/etc/printcap
rose
/etc/printcap
rattan
bamboo
sc
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - restrict multiple copies on bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
        :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

sc
orchid
/etc/printcap
teak
#
#  /etc/printcap for host orchid - no multiple copies for local
#  printer teak or remote printer bamboo
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:sc:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\
        :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\
        :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp:

rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:

sc
lpr -#
% lpr forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign

/etc/printcap
rg
rg
root
lpr: Not a member of the restricted group

sc
rg
rattan
artists
bamboo
rose
/etc/printcap
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose - restricted group for bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
        :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

/etc/printcap
orchid
orchid
bamboo
orchid
mx
BUFSIZ
mx
rattan
bamboo
artists
#
#  /etc/printcap for host rose
#

#
#  No limit on job size:
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:mx#0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:

#
#  Limit of five megabytes:
#
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
        :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

/etc/printcap
mx
/etc/hosts.equiv
/etc/hosts.lpd
/etc/hosts.equiv
rose
/etc/hosts.lpd
orchid
violet
madrigal.fishbaum.de

rose
orchid
violet
madrigal.fishbaum.de
rose
minfree
minfree
minfree
bamboo
/etc/printcap
bamboo
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\
        :lp=/dev/ttyu5:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:mx#5000:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
        :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

sd
# echo 6144 > /var/spool/lpd/bamboo/minfree

/etc/printcap
rs
rs
/usr/bin/false
lpf
/etc/printcap
af
lpf
pw
pl
lpf
2.00 rose:andy
3.00 rose:kelly
3.00 orchid:mary
5.00 orchid:mary
2.00 orchid:zhang

lpf
lpf
/etc/printcap
af=acct
acct
pac
  Login               pages/feet   runs    price
orchid:kelly                5.00    1   $  0.10
orchid:mary                31.00    3   $  0.62
orchid:zhang                9.00    1   $  0.18
rose:andy                   2.00    1   $  0.04
rose:kelly                177.00  104   $  3.54
rose:mary                  87.00   32   $  1.74
rose:root                  26.00   12   $  0.52

total                     337.00  154   $  6.74

хэвлэгч
хэвлэгч
/etc/printcap
af
alpha
smith
gamma
smith
үнэ
/etc/printcap
pc
үнэ
үнэ
хэрэглэгч
...
хэрэглэгчийн
pac -m
  Login               pages/feet   runs    price
andy                        2.00    1   $  0.04
kelly                     182.00  105   $  3.64
mary                      118.00   35   $  2.36
root                       26.00   12   $  0.52
zhang                       9.00    1   $  0.18

total                     337.00  154   $  6.74

/etc/printcap
pc
# pac -p1.50

pac -s
_sum
lpf
lpf
dvilj
dvips
хэвлэгчийн-нэр
/etc/printcap
PRINTER
PRINTER
lp
PRINTER
lp
% lpr filename ...

% lpr /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts.equiv

% lpr -P printer-name filename ...

rattan
% ls -l | lpr -P rattan

ls 	 -l
% lpq -P bamboo

bamboo
lpq
bamboo is ready and printing
Rank   Owner    Job  Files                              Total Size
active kelly    9    /etc/host.conf, /etc/hosts.equiv   88 bytes
2nd    kelly    10   (standard input)                   1635 bytes
3rd    mary     11   ...                                78519 bytes

bamboo
active
mary
lpq -l
waiting for bamboo to become ready (offline ?)
kelly: 1st				 [job 009rose]
       /etc/host.conf                    73 bytes
       /etc/hosts.equiv                  15 bytes

kelly: 2nd				 [job 010rose]
       (standard input)                  1635 bytes

mary: 3rd                                [job 011rose]
      /home/orchid/mary/research/venus/alpha-regio/mapping 78519 bytes

% lprm job-number

bamboo
% lprm -P bamboo 10

хэрэглэгч
Хэрэглэгч
rattan
% lprm -P rattan -

% lpr -P rattan myfile
% rlogin orchid
% lpq -P rattan
Rank   Owner	  Job  Files                          Total Size
active seeyan	  12	...                           49123 bytes
2nd    kelly      13   myfile                         12 bytes
% lprm -P rattan 13
rose: Permission denied
% logout
% lprm -P rattan 13
dfA013rose dequeued
cfA013rose dequeued

fish-report.dvi
bamboo
% lpr -P bamboo -d fish-report.dvi

тоо
тоо
тоо
гарчиг
Гарчиг
% zcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz | troff -t -man | lpr -t

хуулбарлах-тоо
хуулбарлах-тоо
parser.c
parser.h
% lpr -#3 parser.c parser.h

текст
текст
текст
текст
stdin
root
root
хэвлэгчийн-нэр
all
хэвлэгчийн-нэр
/etc/printcap
abort 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
clean 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
disable 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
root
root
идэвхжих
down хэвлэгчийн-нэр 	 мэдээлэл
disable
stop
lpc 		status
мэдээлэл
enable 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
help 	 тушаал
тушаал
тушаал
restart 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
stop
down
restart
abort
start
start 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
stop 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
topq хэвлэгчийн-нэр 	 ажил-эсвэл-хэрэглэгчийн-нэр
хэвлэгчийн-нэр
хэрэглэгчийн-нэр
ажлыг
all
хэвлэгчийн-нэр
up 	 хэвлэгчийн-нэр
down
start
enable
exit
quit
/usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#!/bin/sh
#
# if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout.  Ignores all filter arguments.
# Writes a form feed character (\f) after printing job.

/bin/cat && printf "\f" && exit 0
exit 2

!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234
                "#$%&'()*+,-./012345
                                 #$%&'()*+,-./0123456

ms#
onlcr
/etc/printcap
#!/bin/sh
#
# hpif - Simple text input filter for lpd for HP-PCL based printers
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpif
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout.  Ignores all filter arguments.
# Tells printer to treat LF as CR+LF.  Ejects the page when done.

printf "\033&k2G" && cat && printf "\033&l0H" && exit 0
exit 2

orchid
/etc/printcap
teak
#
#  /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:

ms#
ixon
RTS/CTS
ms#
crtscts
br
ms#
/etc/printcap
/etc/printcap
lf
rattan
lf
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
        :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
        :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
        :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:\
        :lf=/var/log/rattan.log

/var/log/rattan.log
lf
/dev/console
линукс
root
# kldload linux

/etc/rc.conf
linux_enable="YES"

% kldstat
Id Refs Address    Size     Name
 1    2 0xc0100000 16bdb8   kernel
 7    1 0xc24db000 d000     linux.ko

options COMPAT_LINUX
# cd /usr/ports/emulators/linux_base-fc10
# make install distclean

emulators/linux_base-f10
emulators/linux_base-fc4
emulators/linux_base
/compat/linux
/lib/libc.so
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so
/lib/libc.so
ld.so
/compat/linux/lib
linux_base
root
ldd linuxdoom
% ldd linuxdoom
libXt.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0
libX11.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) => /lib/libc.so.4.6.29

/compat/linux
/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0
/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3 -> libXt.so.3.1.0
/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0
/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3 -> libX11.so.3.1.0
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29

ldd
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.27

ldd
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) -> libc.so.4.6.29

/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
libc.so
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29

% ./my-linux-elf-binary
ELF binary type not known
Abort

% brandelf -t Linux my-linux-elf-binary

# cd /compat/linux
# rpm2cpio -q < /path/to/linux.archive.rpm | cpio -id

resolv+: "bind" is an invalid keyword resolv+:
"hosts" is an invalid keyword

/compat/linux/etc/host.conf
order hosts, bind
multi on

/etc/hosts
/compat/linux/etc/host.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
bind
# sysctl kern.fallback_elf_brand=3

MathInstaller
# mount /cdrom
# cp /cdrom/Unix/Installers/Linux/MathInstaller /localdir/

/bin/sh
/compat/linux/bin/sh
Linux)
FreeBSD)
uname -s
MathInstaller
/usr/local/bin
math
mathematica
Mathematica
MathKernel
Linux)
FreeBSD)
#!/bin/sh
cd /usr/local/bin
for i in math mathematica Mathematica MathKernel
  do sed 's/Linux)/FreeBSD)/g' $i > $i.tmp
  sed 's/\/bin\/sh/\/compat\/linux\/bin\/sh/g' $i.tmp > $i
  rm $i.tmp
  chmod a+x $i
done

mathinfo
/cdrom/Unix/Files/SystemFiles/Fonts
/usr/local/mathematica/SystemFiles/Fonts
Type1
X
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts
fonts.dir
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts
# cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts
# mkdir X
# mkdir MathType1
# cd /cdrom/Unix/Files/SystemFiles/Fonts
# cp X/* /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/X
# cp Type1/* /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/MathType1
# cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/X
# mkfontdir
# cd ../MathType1
# mkfontdir

# xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/X
# xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/MathType1
# xset fp rehash

xorg.conf
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
MathType1
Type1
INSTALL
/usr/local/maple
/usr/local/maple/license/license.dat
INSTALL_LIC
/usr/local/maple/bin/maple.system.type
   ----- snip ------------------
*** maple.system.type.orig      Sun Jul  8 16:35:33 2001
--- maple.system.type   Sun Jul  8 16:35:51 2001
***************
*** 72,77 ****
--- 72,78 ----
          # the IBM RS/6000 AIX case
          MAPLE_BIN="bin.IBM_RISC_UNIX"
          ;;
+     "FreeBSD"|\
      "Linux")
          # the Linux/x86 case
        # We have two Linux implementations, one for Red Hat and
   ----- snip end of patch -----

"FreeBSD"|\
bin/maple
bin/maple.system.type
uname -a
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/lmgrd.sh
lmgrd
   ----- snip ------------

#! /bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/maple/bin:/usr/local/maple/FLEXlm/UNIX/LINUX
export PATH

LICENSE_FILE=/usr/local/maple/license/license.dat
LOG=/var/log/lmgrd.log

case "$1" in
start)
	lmgrd -c ${LICENSE_FILE} 2>> ${LOG} 1>&2
	echo -n " lmgrd"
	;;
stop)
	lmgrd -c ${LICENSE_FILE} -x lmdown 2>> ${LOG} 1>&2
	;;
*)
	echo "Usage: `basename $0` {start|stop}" 1>&2
	exit 64
	;;
esac

exit 0
   ----- snip ------------

% cd /usr/local/maple/bin
% ./xmaple

lmgrd
# =======================================================
# License File for UNIX Installations ("Pointer File")
# =======================================================
SERVER chillig ANY
#USE_SERVER
VENDOR maplelmg

FEATURE Maple maplelmg 2000.0831 permanent 1 XXXXXXXXXXXX \
         PLATFORMS=i86_r ISSUER="Waterloo Maple Inc." \
         ISSUED=11-may-2000 NOTICE=" Technische Universitat Wien" \
         SN=XXXXXXXXX

chillig
root
# /compat/linux/bin/sh /cdrom/install

setenv HOME ~USER
USER
set MATLAB=/compat/linux/usr/local/matlab
$MATLAB/license.dat
# ln -s $MATLAB/etc/lmboot /usr/local/etc/lmboot_TMW
# ln -s $MATLAB/etc/lmdown /usr/local/etc/lmdown_TMW

/usr/local/etc/rc.d/flexlm.sh
$MATLAB/etc/rc.lm.glnx86
#!/bin/sh
case "$1" in
  start)
        if [ -f /usr/local/etc/lmboot_TMW ]; then
              /compat/linux/bin/sh /usr/local/etc/lmboot_TMW -u username && echo 'MATLAB_lmgrd'
        fi
        ;;
  stop)
	if [ -f /usr/local/etc/lmdown_TMW ]; then
            /compat/linux/bin/sh /usr/local/etc/lmdown_TMW  > /dev/null 2>&1
	fi
        ;;
  *)
	echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}"
	exit 1
	;;
esac

exit 0

# chmod +x /usr/local/etc/rc.d/flexlm.sh

username
root
# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/flexlm.sh start

# cd $MATLAB/sys/java/jre/glnx86/
# unlink jre; ln -s ./jre1.1.8 ./jre

/usr/local/bin/matlab
#!/bin/sh
/compat/linux/bin/sh /compat/linux/usr/local/matlab/bin/matlab "$@"

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/matlab
emulators/linux_base
/compat/linux/usr/local/matlab/bin/matlab
if [ `expr "$lscmd" : '.*->.*'` -ne 0 ]; then

if test -L $newbase; then

$MATLAB/toolbox/local/finish.m
! $MATLAB/bin/finish.sh

$MATLAB
finishsav.m
finishdlg.m
save
$MATLAB/bin/finish.sh
#!/compat/linux/bin/sh
(sleep 5; killall -1 matlab_helper) &
exit 0

# chmod +x $MATLAB/bin/finish.sh

matlab
emulators/linux_base
devel/linux_devtools
tcl-8.0.3-20.i386.rpm
archivers/rpm
# rpm -i --ignoreos --root /compat/linux --dbpath /var/lib/rpm package

package
SHMMAX
SHMMAX
SHMMAXPGS
PGSIZE
SHMMAXPGS
options SHMMAXPGS=10000
options SHMMNI=100
options SHMSEG=10
options SEMMNS=200
options SEMMNI=70
options SEMMSL=61

options SYSVSHM #SysV shared memory
options SYSVSEM #SysV semaphores
options SYSVMSG #SysV interprocess communication

oracle
oracle
/etc/shells
/compat/linux/bin/bash
oracle
/compat/linux/bin/bash
ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
$ORACLE_HOME/lib
CLASSPATH
$ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib/classes111.zip
PATH
/compat/linux/bin /compat/linux/sbin /compat/linux/usr/bin
/compat/linux/usr/sbin /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin
$ORACLE_HOME/bin
.profile
ORACLE_BASE=/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=/oracle; export ORACLE_HOME
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
ORACLE_SID=ORCL; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_TERM=386x; export ORACLE_TERM
CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib/classes111.zip
export CLASSPATH
PATH=/compat/linux/bin:/compat/linux/sbin:/compat/linux/usr/bin
PATH=$PATH:/compat/linux/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
export PATH

.oracle
/var/tmp
oracle
# cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/lib
# make -f ins_network.mk ntcontab.o
# cd $ORACLE_HOME/lib
# ar r libnetwork.a ntcontab.o
# cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/lib
# make -f ins_network.mk install

root.sh
root
root.sh
orainst
chown
root.sh
*** orainst/root.sh.orig Tue Oct 6 21:57:33 1998
--- orainst/root.sh Mon Dec 28 15:58:53 1998
***************
*** 31,37 ****
# This is the default value for CHOWN
# It will redefined later in this script for those ports
# which have it conditionally defined in ss_install.h
! CHOWN=/bin/chown
#
# Define variables to be used in this script
--- 31,37 ----
# This is the default value for CHOWN
# It will redefined later in this script for those ports
# which have it conditionally defined in ss_install.h
! CHOWN=/usr/sbin/chown
#
# Define variables to be used in this script

root.sh
rthd.sh
orainst
genclntsh
PATH
*** bin/genclntsh.orig Wed Sep 30 07:37:19 1998
--- bin/genclntsh Tue Dec 22 15:36:49 1998
***************
*** 32,38 ****
#
# Explicit path to ensure that we're using the correct commands
#PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ccs/bin export PATH
! PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin export PATH
#
# each product MUST provide a $PRODUCT/admin/shrept.lst
--- 32,38 ----
#
# Explicit path to ensure that we're using the correct commands
#PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ccs/bin export PATH
! #PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin export PATH
#
# each product MUST provide a $PRODUCT/admin/shrept.lst

<199906020108.SAA07001@usr09.primenet.com>
#!
:\n
/bin/sh
#!
Линукс
# brandelf -t Linux file

Линукс
Линукс
proc
sysent[]
sysent[]
proc
unionfs
/compat/linux/original-path
/original-path
/compat/linux
proc
sysent[]
rc.conf
/usr/local/etc/rc.d
/etc
sysctl
/usr
/var
/usr
/var
/var
/var
/var/tmp
/var/tmp
/var/tmp
/usr
Auto-defaults
/var
/
/usr
/var
/var/tmp
/var
/etc/rc.conf
rc*
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
rc.conf
/etc
rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf.local
/etc/rc.conf
sshd_enable="YES"
keyrate="fast"
defaultrouter="10.1.1.254"

/etc/rc.conf.local
hostname="node1.example.org"
ifconfig_fxp0="inet 10.1.1.1/8"

rc.conf
rsync
rc.conf.local
make world
rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
/usr/local/etc
.default
.default
/usr/local/etc/apache
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   2184 May 20  1998 access.conf
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   2184 May 20  1998 access.conf.default
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   9555 May 20  1998 httpd.conf
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   9555 May 20  1998 httpd.conf.default
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  12205 May 20  1998 magic
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  12205 May 20  1998 magic.default
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   2700 May 20  1998 mime.types
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   2700 May 20  1998 mime.types.default
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   7980 May 20  1998 srm.conf
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel   7933 May 20  1998 srm.conf.default

srm.conf
mail/postfix
www/apache22
rc.d
rc.conf
#!/bin/sh
#
# PROVIDE: utility
# REQUIRE: DAEMON
# KEYWORD: shutdown

. /etc/rc.subr

name="utility"
rcvar=utility_enable
command="/usr/local/sbin/utility"

load_rc_config $name

#
# DO NOT CHANGE THESE DEFAULT VALUES HERE
# SET THEM IN THE /etc/rc.conf FILE
#
utility_enable=${utility_enable-"NO"}
pidfile=${utility_pidfile-"/var/run/utility.pid"}

run_rc_command "$1"

DAEMON
/etc/rc.conf
utility_enable="YES"

/etc/rc.subr
rc.conf
/etc/inetd.conf
cron
crontab
cron
@reboot
cron
cron
/etc/crontab
cron
/var/cron/tabs
crontab
crontab
cron
cron
cron
root
root
root
/etc/crontab
root
/etc/crontab
# /etc/crontab - root's crontab for FreeBSD
#
# $FreeBSD: src/etc/crontab,v 1.32 2002/11/22 16:13:39 tom Exp $
# 
#
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/etc:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin 
HOME=/var/log
#
#
#minute	hour	mday	month	wday	who	command 
#
#
*/5	*	*	*	*	root	/usr/libexec/atrun 

#
=
SHELL
PATH
HOME
cron
sh
PATH
HOME
cron
minute
hour
mday
month
wday
who
command
minute
hour
minute
mday
month
hour
minute
wday
who
/etc/crontab
*
*/5
*
atrun
root
atrun
crontab
/etc/crontab
crontab
/etc/crontab
cron
crontab
crontab
% crontab crontab-file

crontab-file
crontab
crontab
crontab
crontab -e
crontab
crontab
crontab
rc.d
/etc/rc.d
# /etc/rc.d/sshd restart

/etc/rc.conf
natd_enable="YES"

rc.d
/etc/rc.conf
sshd restart
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
sshd
/etc/rc.conf
# /etc/rc.d/sshd onerestart

rc.d
/etc/rc.conf
sshd
/etc/rc.conf
# /etc/rc.d/sshd rcvar
# sshd
$sshd_enable=YES

# sshd
root
sshd
sshd
# /etc/rc.d/sshd status
sshd is running as pid 433.

SIGHUP
rc.d
bgfsck
Starting background file system checks in 60 seconds.

rpcbind
PROVIDE
REQUIRE
BEFORE
rc.d
/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES
/usr/src/sys/arch/conf/NOTES
GENERIC
dc0: <82c169 PNIC 10/100BaseTX> port 0xa000-0xa0ff mem 0xd3800000-0xd38
000ff irq 15 at device 11.0 on pci0
miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0
bmtphy0: <BCM5201 10/100baseTX PHY> PHY 1 on miibus0
bmtphy0:  10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:a0:cc:da:da:da
dc0: [ITHREAD]
dc1: <82c169 PNIC 10/100BaseTX> port 0x9800-0x98ff mem 0xd3000000-0xd30
000ff irq 11 at device 12.0 on pci0
miibus1: <MII bus> on dc1
bmtphy1: <BCM5201 10/100baseTX PHY> PHY 1 on miibus1
bmtphy1:  10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
dc1: Ethernet address: 00:a0:cc:da:da:db
dc1: [ITHREAD]

GENERIC
/boot/loader.conf
/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES
/usr/src/sys/arch/conf/NOTES
GENERIC
.SYS
.INF
W32DRIVER.SYS
W32DRIVER.INF
root
# ndisgen /path/to/W32DRIVER.INF /path/to/W32DRIVER.SYS

# kldload ./W32DRIVER_SYS.ko

ndis.ko
if_ndis.ko
# kldload ndis
# kldload if_ndis

ndis0: <Wireless-G PCI Adapter> mem 0xf4100000-0xf4101fff irq 3 at device 8.0 on pci1
ndis0: NDIS API version: 5.0
ndis0: Ethernet address: 0a:b1:2c:d3:4e:f5
ndis0: 11b rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps
ndis0: 11g rates: 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps

ndis0
dc0
W32DRIVER_SYS.ko
/boot/modules
/boot/loader.conf
W32DRIVER_SYS_load="YES"

% ifconfig
dc0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=80008<VLAN_MTU,LINKSTATE>
        ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da
        inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
        media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>)
        status: active
dc1: flags=8802<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=80008<VLAN_MTU,LINKSTATE>
        ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:db
        inet 10.0.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255
        media: Ethernet 10baseT/UTP
        status: no carrier
plip0: flags=8810<POINTOPOINT,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384
        options=3<RXCSUM,TXCSUM>
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
        nd6 options=3<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV>

dc0
dc1
plip0
lo0
sis2
dc0
UP
inet
192.168.1.3
netmask
0xffffff00
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.255
ether
00:a0:cc:da:da:da
media: Ethernet autoselect
(100baseTX 	 <full-duplex>)
dc1
10baseT/UTP
status
active
dc1
status: no
carrier
dc0: flags=8843<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        options=80008<VLAN_MTU,LINKSTATE>
        ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da
        media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>)
        status: active

root
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
ifconfig_dc0="inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0"
ifconfig_dc1="inet 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 media 10baseT/UTP"

dc0
dc1
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/hosts
/usr/share/examples/etc/hosts
# echo 'defaultrouter="your_default_router"' >> /etc/rc.conf
# echo 'nameserver your_DNS_server' >> /etc/resolv.conf

/etc/rc.conf
# /etc/rc.d/netif restart

/etc/rc.conf
# /etc/rc.d/routing restart

% ping -c5 192.168.1.3
PING 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.082 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.074 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.076 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.108 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.076 ms

--- 192.168.1.3 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.074/0.083/0.108/0.013 ms

% ping -c5 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.726 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.766 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.700 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.747 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.704 ms

--- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.700/0.729/0.766/0.025 ms

/etc/hosts
192.168.1.2
device
	timeout
watchdog
timeout
No route to
host
netstat -rn
ping: sendto: Permission denied
ipfw
autoselect
/etc/rc.conf
fxp0
ifconfig_fxp0_alias0="inet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx"

alias0
_alias1
_alias2
1
255.255.255.255
0xffffffff
fxp0
10.1.1.0
255.255.255.0
202.0.75.16
255.255.255.240
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.5
202.0.75.17
202.0.75.20
10.0.1.1
202.0.75.17
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.5
202.0.75.18
202.0.75.20
255.255.255.255
/etc/rc.conf
ifconfig_fxp0="inet 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias0="inet 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias1="inet 10.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias2="inet 10.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias3="inet 10.1.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias4="inet 202.0.75.17 netmask 255.255.255.240"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias5="inet 202.0.75.18 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias6="inet 202.0.75.19 netmask 255.255.255.255"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias7="inet 202.0.75.20 netmask 255.255.255.255"

/etc
/etc
/etc/defaults
/etc/mail
/etc/ppp
/etc/namedb
named.conf
/usr/local/etc
/usr/local/etc/rc.d
/var/db
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
resolv.conf
nameserver
search
domain
resolv.conf
search example.com
nameserver 147.11.1.11
nameserver 147.11.100.30

search
domain
resolv.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts
# $FreeBSD$
#
#
# Host Database
#
# This file should contain the addresses and aliases for local hosts that
# share this file.  Replace 'my.domain' below with the domainname of your
# machine.
#
# In the presence of the domain name service or NIS, this file may
# not be consulted at all; see /etc/nsswitch.conf for the resolution order.
#
#
::1			localhost localhost.my.domain
127.0.0.1		localhost localhost.my.domain
#
# Imaginary network.
#10.0.0.2		myname.my.domain myname
#10.0.0.3		myfriend.my.domain myfriend
#
# According to RFC 1918, you can use the following IP networks for
# private nets which will never be connected to the Internet:
#
#	10.0.0.0	-   10.255.255.255
#	172.16.0.0	-   172.31.255.255
#	192.168.0.0	-   192.168.255.255
#
# In case you want to be able to connect to the Internet, you need
# real official assigned numbers.  Do not try to invent your own network
# numbers but instead get one from your network provider (if any) or
# from your regional registry (ARIN, APNIC, LACNIC, RIPE NCC, or AfriNIC.)
#

/etc/hosts
[Internet address] [official hostname] [alias1] [alias2] ...

10.0.0.1 myRealHostname.example.com myRealHostname foobar1 foobar2

syslog.conf
syslog.conf
syslog
# $FreeBSD$
#
#       Spaces ARE valid field separators in this file. However,
#       other *nix-like systems still insist on using tabs as field
#       separators. If you are sharing this file between systems, you
#       may want to use only tabs as field separators here.
#       Consult the syslog.conf(5) manual page.
*.err;kern.debug;auth.notice;mail.crit          /dev/console
*.notice;kern.debug;lpr.info;mail.crit;news.err /var/log/messages
security.*                                      /var/log/security
mail.info                                       /var/log/maillog
lpr.info                                        /var/log/lpd-errs
cron.*                                          /var/log/cron
*.err                                           root
*.notice;news.err                               root
*.alert                                         root
*.emerg                                         *
# uncomment this to log all writes to /dev/console to /var/log/console.log
#console.info                                   /var/log/console.log
# uncomment this to enable logging of all log messages to /var/log/all.log
#*.*                                            /var/log/all.log
# uncomment this to enable logging to a remote log host named loghost
#*.*                                            @loghost
# uncomment these if you're running inn
# news.crit                                     /var/log/news/news.crit
# news.err                                      /var/log/news/news.err
# news.notice                                   /var/log/news/news.notice
!startslip
*.*                                             /var/log/slip.log
!ppp
*.*                                             /var/log/ppp.log

newsyslog.conf
newsyslog.conf
logfile
logfile.0
logfile.0
logfile.1
logfile.0.gz
logfile.1.gz
newsyslog.conf
# configuration file for newsyslog
# $FreeBSD$
#
# filename          [owner:group]    mode count size when [ZB] [/pid_file] [sig_num]
/var/log/cron                           600  3     100  *     Z
/var/log/amd.log                        644  7     100  *     Z
/var/log/kerberos.log                   644  7     100  *     Z
/var/log/lpd-errs                       644  7     100  *     Z
/var/log/maillog                        644  7     *    @T00  Z
/var/log/sendmail.st                    644  10    *    168   B
/var/log/messages                       644  5     100  *     Z
/var/log/all.log                        600  7     *    @T00  Z
/var/log/slip.log                       600  3     100  *     Z
/var/log/ppp.log                        600  3     100  *     Z
/var/log/security                       600  10    100  *     Z
/var/log/wtmp                           644  3     *    @01T05 B
/var/log/daily.log                      640  7     *    @T00  Z
/var/log/weekly.log                     640  5     1    $W6D0 Z
/var/log/monthly.log                    640  12    *    $M1D0 Z
/var/log/console.log                    640  5     100  *     Z

sysctl.conf
sysctl.conf
rc.conf
хувьсагч=утга
sysctl.conf
# Do not log fatal signal exits (e.g., sig 11)
kern.logsigexit=0

# Prevent users from seeing information about processes that
# are being run under another UID.
security.bsd.see_other_uids=0

% sysctl -a

% sysctl kern.maxproc
kern.maxproc: 1044

хувьсагч
утга
# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000
kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000

1
0
/etc/sysctl.conf
cbb0: Could not map register memory
device_probe_and_attach: cbb0 attach returned 12

/boot/loader.conf
/boot/defaults/loader.conf
1
SCSI_DELAY
SCSI_DELAY
15
5
# tunefs -n enable /filesystem
# tunefs -n disable /filesystem

make installworld
rm -r
tar -x
mount -o async
fsck
mount -f
fsck
fsck
fsck
fsck
rm
file:
table is full
dmesg
/boot/loader.conf
/boot/defaults/loader.conf
maxusers
0
maxusers
maxusers
20 + 16 * maxusers
maxusers
maxusers
ftp.FreeBSD.org
maxusers
128
1024
NMBCLUSTERS
NMBCLUSTERS
NSFBUFS
/boot/loader.conf
sfbufa
struct
sf_buf
10000
20000
30000
1
0
6144
# sysctl vfs.numvnodes
vfs.numvnodes: 91349

# sysctl kern.maxvnodes
kern.maxvnodes: 100000

# swapon/dev/ada1s1p2

/etc/fstab
/dev/ada1s1p1	none	swap	sw	0	0

/etc/fstab
/usr/swap0
GENERIC
device   md

/usr/swap0
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64

/usr/swap0
# chmod 0600 /usr/swap0

/etc/rc.conf
swapfile="/usr/swap0"   # Set to name of swapfile if aux swapfile desired.

# mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /usr/swap0 -u 0 && swapon /dev/md0

acpi.ko
acpi.ko
/boot/loader.conf
hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"
1-5
1
3
5
# halt -p

boot -v
boot -v
sysctl hw.acpi
# acpidump -dt > name-system.asl

name
system
njl-FooCo6000.asl
src/sys/contrib/dev/acpica
src/sys/dev/acpica/Osd
src/sys/dev/acpica
hint.psm.0.flags="0x3000"
/boot/loader.conf
S1
S3
S4
STD
S5
S4
S4
S4
sysctl hw.acpi
hw.acpi.supported_sleep_state: S3 S4 S5
hw.acpi.s4bios: 0

S3
S4
S5
acpiconf
-s
1
S4
S4
S1
S2
S1
S3
# sysctl debug.bootverbose=1
# sysctl debug.acpi.suspend_bounce=1
# acpiconf -s 3

S3
S3
S3
nvidia.ko
/etc/rc.suspend
/etc/rc.resume
0
vmstat -i
acpi0
show interrupts
loader.conf
hint.apic.0.disabled="1"
options DDB
tr
hw.acpi.disable_on_poweroff="0"
1
acpidump
ACPI-1287: *** Error: Method execution failed [\\_SB_.PCI0.LPC0.FIGD._STA] \\
(Node 0xc3f6d160), AE_NOT_FOUND

# iasl your.asl

acpi.sys
acpiec.sys
/boot/loader.conf
hw.acpi.osname="Windows 2001"
iasl
your.asl
# iasl your.asl

DSDT.aml
iasl
/boot/loader.conf
acpi_dsdt_load="YES"
acpi_dsdt_name="/boot/DSDT.aml"

DSDT.aml
/boot
options ACPI_DEBUG
/etc/make.conf
ACPI_DEBUG=1
acpi.ko
# cd /sys/modules/acpi/acpi
&& make clean &&
make ACPI_DEBUG=1

acpi.ko
/boot/kernel
loader.conf
debug.acpi.layer="ACPI_ALL_COMPONENTS ACPI_ALL_DRIVERS"
debug.acpi.level="ACPI_LV_ERROR"

loader.conf
sysctl
sysctl
loader.conf
/boot/mbr
/boot/boot0
0x55AA
boot0
F1 DOS
F2 FreeBSD
F3 Linux
F4 ??
F5 Drive 1

Default: F2

# fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 device

device
ad0
ad2
da0
/etc/lilo.conf
other=/dev/hdXY
table=/dev/hdX
loader=/boot/chain.b
label=FreeBSD

X
Y
/dev/hd
/dev/sd
/sbin/lilo -v
/boot/boot1
/boot/boot2
/boot/boot
/boot/boot
boot1
boot2
boot2
boot2
boot2
>> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
Default: 0:ad(0,a)/boot/loader
boot:

boot1
boot2
# bsdlabel -B diskslice

diskslice
ad0s1
ad0
/boot/loader
/boot/loader
/boot/defaults/loader.conf
/boot/loader.rc
/boot/loader.conf
loader.rc
seconds
-options
kernelname
unload
kernel
topic
/boot/loader.help
индекс
filename
type
filename
path
filename
variable
variable
value
boot -s

unload
load kernel.old

kernel.GENERIC
kernel.old
unload
set kernel="kernel.old"
boot-conf

load -t userconfig_script /boot/kernel.conf

startx
.bmp
.pcx
.bin
VESA
/etc/rc.conf
saver=
saver=
/etc/rc.conf
saver=
sysutils/bsd-splash-changer
.bmp
.pcx
.bin
/boot
/boot/loader.conf
splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.bmp"

/boot/loader.conf
vesa_load="YES"
splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.bmp"

/boot/splash.bmp
vesa_load="YES"
splash_pcx_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx"

splash_txt="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.bin"

splash_640x400.bmp
bluewave.pcx
loader.conf
beastie_disable="YES"
loader_logo="beastie"
set
unset
show
/boot/device.hints
/boot/device.hints
hint.driver.unit.keyword="value"

set hint.driver.unit.keyword=value

driver
unit
keyword
at
port
irq
drq
maddr
flags
disabled
1
/sbin/init
loader
init_path
loader
boot_single
консол
insecure буюу аюултай
/etc/ttys
root
/etc/ttys
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off insecure

Аюултай
root
secure буюу аюулгүй
insecure буюу аюултай
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/fstab
/etc/rc.shutdown
TERM
KILL
shutdown -p now
shutdown -r
now
root
operator
/home/хэрэглэгчийн-нэр
/usr/home/хэрэглэгчийн-нэр
root
root
дэмон буюу далд чөтгөр
operator
bind
news
www
nobody
nobody
adduser
passwd
group
/usr/share/skel
# adduser
Username: jru
Full name: J. Random User
Uid (Leave empty for default):
Login group [jru]:
Login group is jru. Invite jru into other groups? []: wheel
Login class [default]:
Shell (sh csh tcsh zsh nologin) [sh]: zsh
Home directory [/home/jru]:
Home directory permissions (Leave empty for default):
Use password-based authentication? [yes]:
Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]:
Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]:
Enter password:
Enter password again:
Lock out the account after creation? [no]:
Username   : jru
Password   : ****
Full Name  : J. Random User
Uid        : 1001
Class      :
Groups     : jru wheel
Home       : /home/jru
Shell      : /usr/local/bin/zsh
Locked     : no
OK? (yes/no): yes
adduser: INFO: Successfully added (jru) to the user database.
Add another user? (yes/no): no
Goodbye!
#

rmuser
/var/mail
/tmp
/etc/group
rmuser
# rmuser jru
Matching password entry:
jru:*:1001:1001::0:0:J. Random User:/home/jru:/usr/local/bin/zsh
Is this the entry you wish to remove? y
Remove user's home directory (/home/jru)? y
Updating password file, updating databases, done.
Updating group file: trusted (removing group jru -- personal group is empty) done.
Removing user's incoming mail file /var/mail/jru: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /tmp: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp: done.
Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp/vi.recover: done.
#

chpass
chpass
#Changing user database information for jru.
Login: jru
Password: *
Uid [#]: 1001
Gid [# or name]: 1001
Change [month day year]:
Expire [month day year]:
Class:
Home directory: /home/jru
Shell: /usr/local/bin/zsh
Full Name: J. Random User
Office Location:
Office Phone:
Home Phone:
Other information:

chpass
#Changing user database information for jru.
Shell: /usr/local/bin/zsh
Full Name: J. Random User
Office Location:
Office Phone:
Home Phone:
Other information:

yp
passwd
% passwd
Changing local password for jru.
Old password:
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: updating the database...
passwd: done

# passwd jru
Changing local password for jru.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: updating the database...
passwd: done

pw
/etc/login.conf
default
нэр=утга
нэр
утга
/etc/login.conf
/etc/login.conf.db
/etc/login.conf
/etc/login.conf.db
# cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf

coredumpsize
файлын хэмжээ
cputime
filesize
maxproc
memorylocked
memoryuse
openfiles
sbsize
stacksize
/etc/rc
дэмон
/etc/login.conf
openfiles
maxproc
/etc/group
/etc/group
teamtwo
# pw groupadd teamtwo
# pw groupshow teamtwo
teamtwo:*:1100:

1100
teamtwo
teamtwo
jru
teamtwo
# pw groupmod teamtwo -M jru
# pw groupshow teamtwo
teamtwo:*:1100:jru

/etc/group
/etc/passwd
# pw groupmod teamtwo -m db
# pw groupshow teamtwo
teamtwo:*:1100:jru,db

% id jru
uid=1001(jru) gid=1001(jru) groups=1001(jru), 1100(teamtwo)

jru
jru
teamtwo
/etc/group
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
root
monospaced
root
root
root
telnet
rlogin
root
/etc/ttys
root
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin
no
root
root
root
wheel
/etc/group
wheel
root
su
wheel
wheel
staff
/etc/group
wheel
root
wheel
wheel
root
.k5login
root
wheel
root
wheel
# pw lock staff

*
foobar:R9DT/Fa1/LV9U:1000:1000::0:0:Foo Bar:/home/foobar:/usr/local/bin/tcsh

foobar:*:1000:1000::0:0:Foo Bar:/home/foobar:/usr/local/bin/tcsh

foobar
root
root
root
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
root
root
/bin
/sbin
/usr/bin
/usr/sbin
root
root
Xlib
chmod 000
/dev/kmem
kmem
tty
/etc/spwd.db
root
root
bpf
bpf
bpf
/dev/mem
/dev/kmem
bpf
sysctl
# sysctl kern.securelevel=1

/etc/rc.conf
YES
/dev/io
installworld
schg
schg
/
/usr
chflags
/
/usr
schg
/etc
/usr/local/etc
/
/usr
scp
scp
.rhosts
.shosts
.ssh/authorized_keys
MD5
nosuid
MaxDaemonChildren
sendmail -bd
sendmail -q15m
MaxDaemonChildren
root
sysctl
sysctl -a | fgrep portrange
net.inet.icmp.icmplim
sysctl
netstat -rna | fgrep W3
root
authorized_keys
from=IP/DOMAIN
/etc/master.passwd
$1$
$2a$
$
passwd_format
/etc/login.conf
des
md5
blf
opiekey
opiepasswd
opiekey
opiepasswd
opieinfo
/etc/opiekeys
opiepasswd
opiepasswd
opiekey
opiekey
opiekey
opiepasswd
% opiepasswd -c
[grimreaper] ~ $ opiepasswd -f -c
Adding unfurl:
Only use this method from the console; NEVER from remote. If you are using
telnet, xterm, or a dial-in, type ^C now or exit with no password.
Then run opiepasswd without the -c parameter.
Using MD5 to compute responses.
Enter new secret pass phrase:
Again new secret pass phrase:

ID unfurl OTP key is 499 to4268
MOS MALL GOAT ARM AVID COED

opiekey
opiepasswd
% opiepasswd

Updating unfurl:
You need the response from an OTP generator.
Old secret pass phrase:
        otp-md5 498 to4268 ext
        Response: GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT
New secret pass phrase:
        otp-md5 499 to4269
        Response: LINE PAP MILK NELL BUOY TROY

ID mark OTP key is 499 gr4269
LINE PAP MILK NELL BUOY TROY

% opiekey 498 to4268
Using the MD5 algorithm to compute response.
Reminder: Don't use opiekey from telnet or dial-in sessions.
Enter secret pass phrase:
GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT

% telnet example.com
Trying 10.0.0.1...
Connected to example.com
Escape character is '^]'.

FreeBSD/i386 (example.com) (ttypa)

login: <username>
otp-md5 498 gr4269 ext
Password:

opiekey
% opiekey 498 to4268
Using the MD5 algorithm to compute response.
Reminder: Don't use opiekey from telnet or dial-in sessions.
Enter secret pass phrase:
GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT

opiekey
% opiekey -n 5 30 zz99999
Using the MD5 algorithm to compute response.
Reminder: Don't use opiekey from telnet or dial-in sessions.
Enter secret pass phrase: <secret password>
26: JOAN BORE FOSS DES NAY QUIT
27: LATE BIAS SLAY FOLK MUCH TRIG
28: SALT TIN ANTI LOON NEAL USE
29: RIO ODIN GO BYE FURY TIC
30: GREW JIVE SAN GIRD BOIL PHI

lpr
/etc/opieaccess
opieaccess
permit 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0

opieaccess

Төхөөрөмжийн нэр	IRQ	IO порт(ууд)	Тэмдэглэгээ
Эхний хатуу диск	мэдэхгүй	мэдэхгүй	40 ГБ, Seagate үйлдвэрлэсэн, эхний мастер IDE
CDROM	мэдэхгүй	мэдэхгүй	Эхний хоёр дахь IDE
Хоёр дахь хатуу диск	мэдэхгүй	мэдэхгүй	20 ГБ, IBM үйлдвэрлэсэн, хоёр дахь мастер IDE
Эхний IDE хянагч	14	0x1f0
Сүлжээний карт	мэдэхгүй	мэдэхгүй	Intel 10/100
Модем	мэдэхгүй	мэдэхгүй	3Com® 56K факс модем, COM1 дээр зоогдсон
...

Хуваалт	Файл систем	Хэмжээ	Тодорхойлолт
`a`	`/`	1 GB	Энэ бол root буюу эх файл систем юм. Бусад бүх файл системүүд ямар нэгэн аргаар энд танигдаж хэрэглэгддэг. 1 GB хэмжээ бол тухайн зорилгодоо таарсан хэмжээ. Та энд тийм их өгөгдөл хадгалахгүй бөгөөд ердийн FreeBSD-н суулгац нь энд 128 MB-г хэрэглэдэг. `/` дээр үлдсэн зай нь дараа нь хэрэглэгдэх зорилгоор юм уу эсвэл түр зуурын өгөгдөл зэрэгт зориулагддаг.
`b`	N/A	2-3 x RAM	Системийн swap зай нь `b` хуваагдал дээр байрладаг. swap-д зориулж хэмжээгээ тохируулах нь бас чухал. Хамгийн сайн хэрэглэгддэг арга бол, байгаа санах ойныхоо (RAM) хэмжээнээс хоёр юм уу гурав дахин их хэмжээтэй байхад болно. Хэрэв танд 32 MB хэмжээтэй RAM санах ой байгаа бол ядаж 64 MB хэмжээтэй swap бэлдэх хэрэгтэй. Хэрэв та нэгээс их дисктэй бол диск болгонд зориулж swap зай үүсгэж болно. Ингэвэл, FreeBSD нь диск болгонд буй swap зайг хэрэглэснээр илүү үр дүнтэй ажилладаг. Энэ тохиолдолд хэрэглэх нийт swap-нхаа хэмжээг (жишээ нь, 128 MB) байгаа дискнийхээ тоонд хувааж (жишээ нь хоёр дисктэй гэж үзье) гарсан хэмжээг дискэн дээр swap-д зориулж бэлдэх хэрэгтэй бөгөөд жишээний дагуу бол 64 MB диск болгонд ногдож байна.
`e`	`/var`	512 MB-аас 4096 MB хүртэл	`/var` санд байнга өөрчлөгдөж байдаг файлууд байрладаг; бүртгэл файл, мөн бусад удирдах болон хянах файлууд энэ төрлийн файлд ордог. Эдгээр файлын ихэнх нь FreeBSD дээр ажилладаг програмуудаар өдрийн турш уншигдаж бас бичигдэж байдаг. Иймэрхүү файлуудыг нэг дор байрлуулснаар FreeBSD нь өөр файл систем уруу хандаж цаг заралгүй идэвхитэй ажиллаж чаддаг.
`f`	`/usr`	Дискний үлдсэн хэсэг (хамгийн багадаа 8 GB)	Бараг бусад бүх файлууд нь `/usr` санд болон түүн дотор буй дэд сангуудад байрладаг.

Хуваалт	Файл систем	Хэмжээ	Тодорхойлолт
`b`	N/A	Тодорхойлолтоос уншина уу	Өмнө дурьдсанчлан, swap хэмжээг диск болгон дээр үүсгэж болдог. Хэдийгээр `a` хуваалт сул байсан ч гэсэн зарчмын дагуу swap зай нь `b` хуваалт дээр байрладаг.
`e`	/disk`n`	Дискний үлдсэн хэмжээ	Дискний үлдсэн хэмжээ нь нэг бүхэл хуваалт болдог. Энэ нь `e` хуваалт дээр биш харин `a` хуваалт дээр байрлаж болох байсан ч зарчмын дагуу `a` хуваагдал дээр root буюу эх файл систем (`/`) суугддаг. Та энэ зарчмыг дагахгүй байж болох боловч sysinstall харин дагадаг: Энэ зарчмыг дагаснаар суулгацыг цэвэрхэн болгодог. Та энэ файл системийг хаана ч холбож болох бөгөөд энэ жишээн дээр бол уг файл системийг `/diskn` гэсэн сан дотор холбосон байна. `n` үсэг нь дискний дугааруудыг илэрхийлж байна. Гэхдээ та хүсвэл өөр газар холбож болно.

Файлын нэр	Агуулга
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-bootonly.iso`	Энэ CD дүрс нь CD-ROM хөтчөөс ачаалж суулгалтыг эхлүүлэх боломжийг олгодог боловч FreeBSD-г уг CD-с суулгах боломжгүй. Та энэ CD-с ачаалсны дараа сүлжээгээр дамжуулж (жишээ нь FTP серверээс) суулгах шаардлагатай.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-dvd1.iso.gz`	Энэ DVD дүрс нь үндсэн FreeBSD үйлдлийн систем, урьдчилан бүтээсэн багцын цуглуулга болон баримтжуулалтыг суулгахад шаардлагатай бүх зүйлсийг агуулсан байдаг. Энэ нь “livefs” дээр үндэслэсэн аврах горим руу ачаалахыг бас дэмждэг.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-memstick.img`	Энэ дүрсийг USB санах ойн зөөгч рүү бичээд USB хөтчөөс ачаалж чаддаг машинуудад суулгаж хэрэглэж болно. Энэ нь “livefs” дээр үндэслэсэн аврах горим руу ачаалахыг бас дэмждэг. Баримтжуулалтын багцуудыг агуулдаг боловч бусад багцуудыг агуулдаггүй. Энэ дүрс нь FreeBSD 7.`X` хувилбаруудын хувьд байдаггүй.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso`	Энэ CD дүрс нь үндсэн FreeBSD үйлдлийн систем болон баримтжуулалтын багцуудыг агуулдаг. Бусад багцуудыг агуулдаггүй.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso`	Гуравдагчдын програм багцуудыг ихээр багтаасан CD дүрс. Энэ дүрс нь FreeBSD 8.`X` хувилбаруудын хувьд байдаггүй.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-disc3.iso`	Гуравдагчдын програм багцуудыг ихээр багтаасан өөр нэг CD дүрс. Энэ дүрс нь FreeBSD 8.0 болон түүнээс дараагийн хувилбаруудын хувьд байдаггүй.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-docs.iso`	FreeBSD-ийн баримтжуулалт. Энэ дүрс нь FreeBSD 8.`X`-н хувьд байдаггүй.
`FreeBSD-version-RELEASE-arch-livefs.iso`	Энэ CD дүрс нь “livefs” дээр тулгуурласан аврах горим руу ачаалахад зориулагдсан боловч уг CD-ээс суулгахад зориулагдаагүй.

Товчлол	Тайлбар
APM	Apple Partition Map буюу PowerPC® Macintosh-н хэрэглэдэг Apple-н Хуваалт.
BSD	MBR-гүй BSD-н хаягууд, заримдаа "dangerously dedicated mode" гэгддэг. bsdlabel(8)-с үзнэ үү.
GPT	GUID Хуваалтын Хүснэгт.
MBR	Master Boot Record буюу Мастер Ачаалах Бичлэг
PC98	MBR-н хувилбар, NEC PC-98 компьютерууд ашигладаг.
VTOC8	Volume Table Of Contents, Sun SPARC64 бас UltraSPARC компьютерууд ашигладаг.

Хуваалтын төрөл	Хэмжээ	Холбох цэг	Хаяг
`freebsd-boot`	`512K`
`freebsd-ufs`	`2G`	`/`	`exrootfs`
`freebsd-swap`	`4G`		`exswap`
`freebsd-ufs`	`2G`	`/var`	`exvarfs`
`freebsd-ufs`	`1G`	`/tmp`	`extmpfs`
`freebsd-ufs`	анхдагчийг хүлээн авах (дискний үлдсэн хэсэг)	`/usr`	`exusrfs`

Утга	Зөвшөөрөл	Жагсаах харуулалт
0	Уншигдахгүй, бичигдэхгүй, гүйцэтгэгдэхгүй	`---`
1	Уншигдахгүй, бичигдэхгүй, гүйцэтгэгдэнэ	`--x`
2	Уншигдахгүй, бичигдэнэ, гүйцэтгэгдэхгүй	`-w-`
3	Уншигдахгүй, бичигдэнэ, гүйцэтгэгдэнэ	`-wx`
4	Уншигдана, бичигдэхгүй, гүйцэтгэгдэхгүй	`r--`
5	Уншигдана, бичигдэхгүй, гүйцэтгэгдэнэ	`r-x`
6	Уншигдана, бичигдэнэ, гүйцэтгэгдэхгүй	`rw-`
7	Уншигдана, бичигдэнэ, гүйцэтгэгдэнэ	`rwx`

Сонголт	Үсэг	Илэрхийлэл нь
(хэн)	u	Хэрэглэгч
(хэн)	g	Бүлгийн эзэмшигч
(хэн)	o	Бусад
(хэн)	a	Бүгд (“ертөнц”)
(үйлдэл)	+	Зөвшөөрөл нэмэх
(action)	-	Зөвшөөрлийг устгах
(үйлдэл)	=	зөвхөн тухайн зөвшөөрлийг суулгах
(зөвшөөрөл)	r	Унших
(зөвшөөрөл)	w	Бичих
(зөвшөөрөл)	x	Гүйцэтгэх
(зөвшөөрөл)	t	Sticky бит
(зөвшөөрөл)	s	UID эсвэл GID суулгах

Сан	Тодорхойлолт
`/`	Файл системийн Root буюу хамгийн дээд эх сан.
`/bin/`	Ганц болон олон хэрэглэгчийн орчны үндсэн хэрэгслийн сан.
`/boot/`	Үйлдлийн систем эхлэж ачаалагдах үеийн програмууд болон тохируулга файлууд.
`/boot/defaults/`	Анхдагч ачаалах үеийн тохируулгын файлууд; дэлгэрэнгүйг loader.conf(5) хуудаснаас харна уу.
`/dev/`	Төхөөрөмжүүд байдаг сан; intro(4) хуудаснаас харна уу.
`/etc/`	Системийн тохируулгын файлууд болон гүйцэтгэх бичлэгүүд.
`/etc/defaults/`	Анхдагч системийн тохируулгын файлууд; дэлгэрэнгүйг rc(8) хуудаснаас хараарай.
`/etc/mail/`	sendmail(8) мэтийн захиа илгээгчдийн тохируулгын файлууд.
`/etc/namedb/`	`named`-н тохируулгын файл; named(8) хуудаснаас дэлгэрэнгүйг харна уу.
`/etc/periodic/`	cron(8)-г ашиглаж өдрөөр, сараар, эсвэл жилээр гэх мэт давтамжаар ажиллаж чаддаг бичлэгүүд ; дэлгэрэнгүйг periodic(8) хуудаснаас харна уу.
`/etc/ppp/`	`ppp` тохируулга файлууд; ppp(8)-с харна уу.
`/mnt/`	Администратор голдуу түр зуур бусад файл систем эсвэл төхөөрөмжийг таниулахад хэрэглэдэг хоосон сан.
`/proc/`	Процесийн файл систем; procfs(5) болон mount_procfs(8)-с харна уу.
`/rescue/`	Эвдэрч гэмтсэн үед сэргээхэд хэрэглэгддэг програмууд rescue(8)-с харна уу.
`/root/`	`root` хэрэглэгчийн гэрийн сан.
`/sbin/`	Ганц болон олон хэрэглэгчийн орчинд хэрэглэж болохоор системийн програм ба администраторын үндсэн хэрэгслүүд.
`/tmp/`	Түр зуурын файлууд. `/tmp` сан доторх файлууд нь систем шинээр ачаалагдах үед хадгалагдалгүйгээр устгагдана. Санах ойгоос ажилладаг файл системүүд голцуу `/tmp` санд таниулагдаж байрлуулагддаг. Энэ үйлдэл нь rc.conf(5)-тай холбоотой tmpmfs-төрлийг ашиглаж автоматжуулагдаж болдог (эсвэл `/etc/fstab` дотор буй оруулгууд бүгдээрээ; mdmfs(8)-с харна уу).
`/usr/`	Програм болон хэрэглэгчийн хэрэглэдэг үндсэн хэрэгслүүд.
`/usr/bin/`	Үндсэн хэрэгслүүд, програмын багажууд, мөн програмууд.
`/usr/include/`	Стандарт C-ийн include файлууд.
`/usr/lib/`	Програмын шахаж бэлдсэн багцууд.
`/usr/libdata/`	Төрөл бүрийн хэрэгслийн өгөгдлийн файлууд.
`/usr/libexec/`	Системийн далд чөтгөр буюу дэмон болон системийн хэрэгслүүд (бусад програмаас дуудагдаж ажилладаг).
`/usr/local/`	Дотоод гүйцэтгэгддэг болон програмын сангууд гэх мэт програмууд байдаг. Мөн FreeBSD-н портуудын анхны байрлуулах газар болж өгдөг. `/usr/local` -ийн доторх нь, hier(7)-аар `/usr` сангийн дотор байгааг байрлуулсан шиг зохион байгуулагдах хэрэгтэй. Гэхдээ энэнд хамаарахгүй сангууд нь man гэж `/usr/local/share` сан дотор биш `/usr/local` дотор байрладаг сан, мөн `share/doc/port` дотор байдаг портуудын бичиг баримт байдаг сан юм.
`/usr/obj/`	Архитектураасаа хамаараад `/usr/src` санг хөрвүүлэх үед бүтээгддэг сан..
`/usr/ports/`	FreeBSD Портын цуглуулга (сонгомол).
`/usr/sbin/`	Системийн дэмон болон системийн хэрэгслүүд (хэрэглэгчдээр гүйцэтгэгдэнэ).
`/usr/share/`	Архитектуртаа хамаатай файлууд.
`/usr/src/`	BSD болон/эсвэл дотоод эх файлууд.
`/usr/X11R6/`	X11R6 цогцолборын гүйцэтгэж болдог програмууд, програмын сан зэргүүд (сонгомол).
`/var/`	Олон зорилгоор хэрэглэгддэг бүртгэл бичлэг, түр зуурын, дараалал зэргийн файлууд. Санах ойд тулгуурлаж ажилладаг зарим файлын системүүд `/var` дотор танигдаж үүсгэгддэг. Энэ үйлдэл нь rc.conf(5)-тай холбоотой varmfs-төрлийг ашиглаж автоматжуулагдаж болдог (эсвэл `/etc/fstab` дотор буй оруулгууд бүгдээрээ; mdmfs(8)-с харна уу).
`/var/log/`	Системийн төрөл бүрийн бүртгэл бичлэгийн файлууд.
`/var/mail/`	Хэрэглэгчийн ирсэн захиаг хадгалах файлууд.
`/var/spool/`	Төрөл бүрийн хэвлэгч болон захианы системийн дарааллыг удирдах сангууд.
`/var/tmp/`	Түр зуурын файлууд. Энэ санд буй файлууд нь голдуу системийг эхлэх үед зориулагдахаар нөөцлөгдсөн байдаг. Гэхдээ, хэрэв `/var` нь санах ойд тулгуурласан файлын систем бол өмнө хэлсэн зүйл хүчингүй.
`/var/yp/`	NIS maps.

Хуваалт	Тогтсон журам
`a`	Ихэнхдээ root файл системийг агуулж байдаг
`b`	Ихэнхдээ swap хэмжээг агуулдаг
`c`	Ихэнх үед агуулж буй зүсмэлийнхээ хэмжээтэй ижил хэмжээтэй байдаг. Энэ нь ямар нэгэн хэрэгслүүдийг (жишээлбэл, дискний эвдэрсэн хэсгийг шалгагч) `c` хуваалт дээрх зүсмэл дээр бүхэлд нь ажиллаж болох зөвшөөрөл өгдөг. Ердийн үед та үүн дээр файл систем үүсгэх шаардлага байхгүй.
`d`	Урьд нь `d` хуваалт онцгой үүрэгтэй байсан боловч одоо тийм биш, харин ердийн хуваалт шиг хэрэглэгдэж болно.

Нэр	Утга
`ad`	ATAPI (IDE) disk
`da`	SCSI direct access disk
`acd`	ATAPI (IDE) CDROM
`cd`	SCSI CDROM
`fd`	Floppy disk

Нэр	Утга
`ad0s1a`	Эхний IDE диск (`ad0`) дээрх эхний зүсмэлийн (`s1`) эхний хуваалт (`a`).
`da1s2e`	Хоёр дахь SCSI диск (`da1`) дээрх хоёр дахь (`s2`) зүсмэлийн тав дахь (`e`) хуваалт.

Хувьсагч	Тодорхойлолт
`USER`	Холбогдсон байгаа тухайн хэрэглэгчийн нэр.
`PATH`	Ачаалагдаж болдог хоёртын файлуудыг агуулдаг сангуудыг таслалаар тусгаарлаж бичсэн жагсаалт.
`DISPLAY`	Хэрэв холбогдох боломжтой бол, X11 дэлгэцийн сүлжээгээр холбогдох цэг.
`SHELL`	Хэрэглэж байгаа shell буюу бүрхүүл.
`TERM`	Хэрэглэгчийн терминалын төрлийн нэр. Терминалын шинж чанарыг тодорхойлоход хэрэглэгддэг.
`TERMCAP`	Төрөл бүрийн терминалуудад алгасах ёстой кодуудын өгөгдлийн бааз.
`OSTYPE`	Үйлдлийн системийн төрөл. жишээ нь, FreeBSD.
`MACHTYPE`	Системийн ажиллаж байгаа процессорын архитектур.
`EDITOR`	Хэрэглэгчийн эрхэмлэж хэрэглэгддэг текст засварлагч.
`PAGER`	Хэрэглэгчийн эрхэмлэж хэрэглэдэг пэйжер.
`MANPATH`	Таслалаар тусгаарлаж жагсаасан, гарын авлагын хуудсуудыг агуулсан хайх сангууд.

Тэмдэг	Утга
=	Суугдсан багцны хувилбар нь портын хувилбартай адилхан байна.
<	Суугдсан хувилбар нь портын хувилбараас хуучин байна.
>	Суугдсан хувилбар нь портын хувилбараас шинэ байна. (Дотоод порт тань хуучирсан байж болзошгүй)
?	Суугдсан багц нь портын жагсаалтад олдсонгүй. (Энэ тохиолдож болох юм. Жишээлбэл суугдсан порт нь устгагдах юм уу нэр нь өөрчлөгдсөн байж болзошгүй.)
*	Багц олон хувилбартай байна.
!	Суулгагдсан багц жагсаалтад байгаа боловч ямар нэг шалтгааны улмаас `pkg_version` тушаал нь суулгагдсан багцын хувилбарын дугаарыг жагсаалт дахь харгалзах оруулгатай харьцуулж чадахгүй байна.

Файл	Тодорхойлолт
`Xaccess`	Хэрэглэгчийн эрхийн дүрэм.
`Xresources`	X-н resource буюу эх сурвалж анхдагч утгууд.
`Xservers`	Дотоод юм уу алсад буй холбогдож болох дэлгэц зохицуулагчдын жагсаалт.
`Xsession`	Нэвтрэх үед тухайн орчинд үйлдэгддэг анхдагч скрипт.
`Xsetup_`*	Нэвтрэх үйлдлээс өмнө нь програмуудыг ачаалагч скрипт.
`xdm-config`	Уг машин дээр ажиллаж байгаа бүх харуулагчдыг ерөнхийд нь тохируулагч файл.
`xdm-errors`	Сервер програмаас үүсгэгдсэн алдаанууд.
`xdm-pid`	Одоогийн ажиллаж байгаа XDM-н процесс ID дугаар.

Програмын нэр	Шаардлагатай эх үүсвэрүүд	Портоос суулгах	Гол хамаарлууд
Firefox	дунд зэрэг	хүнд	Gtk+
Opera	бага	хөнгөн	FreeBSD болон Линуксийн хувилбарууд байдаг. Линуксийн хувилбар нь Линуксийн хоёртын нийцтэй байдал болон linux-openmotif-с хамаардаг.
Konqueror	дунд зэрэг	хүнд	KDE сангууд
Chromium	дунд зэрэг	дунд зэрэг	Gtk+

Програмын нэр	Шаардлагатай эх үүсвэрүүд	Портоос суулгах	Гол хамаарлууд
KOffice	бага	хүнд	KDE
AbiWord	бага	хөнгөн	Gtk+ эсвэл GNOME
Gimp	бага	хүнд	Gtk+
OpenOffice.org	их	асар их	JDK™, Mozilla
LibreOffice	хүнддүү	асар их	Gtk+, эсвэл KDE/ GNOME, эсвэл JDK

Програмын нэр	Шаардлагатай эх үүсвэрүүд	Портоос суулгах	Гол хамаарлууд
Acrobat Reader	бага	хөнгөн	Линуксийн хоёртын хэлбэртэй нийцтэй байдал
gv	бага	хөнгөн	Xaw3d
Xpdf	бага	хөнгөн	FreeType
GQview	бага	хөнгөн	Gtk+ эсвэл GNOME

Програмын нэр	Шаардлагатай эх үүсвэрүүд	Портоос суулгах	Гол хамаарлууд
GnuCash	бага	хүнд	GNOME
Gnumeric	бага	хүнд	GNOME
Abacus	бага	хөнгөн	Tcl/Tk
KMyMoney	бага	хүнд	KDE

Програмын нэр	Багцын нэр	Портын нэр
Opera	`opera`	`www/opera`
Firefox	`firefox`	`www/firefox`
Chromium	`chromium`	`www/chromium`
KOffice	`koffice-kde4`	`editors/koffice-kde4`
AbiWord	`abiword`	`editors/abiword`
GIMP	`gimp`	`graphics/gimp`
OpenOffice.org	`openoffice`	`editors/openoffice.org-3`
LibreOffice	`libreoffice`	`editors/libreoffice`
Acrobat Reader	`acroread`	`print/acroread8`
gv	`gv`	`print/gv`
Xpdf	`xpdf`	`graphics/xpdf`
GQview	`gqview`	`graphics/gqview`
GnuCash	`gnucash`	`finance/gnucash`
Gnumeric	`gnumeric`	`math/gnumeric`
Abacus	`abacus`	`deskutils/abacus`
KMyMoney	`kmymoney2`	`finance/kmymoney2`

Алдаа	Шийдэл
“`sb_dspwr(XX) timed out`”	I/O порт зөв тохируулагдаагүй.
“`bad irq XX`”	IRQ буруу тохируулагдсан. Тохируулагдсан IRQ болон дууны IRQ адил байгаа эсэхийг шалгана.
“`xxx: gus pcm not attached, out of memory`”	Төхөөрөмжийн ашиглах хангалттай санах ой байхгүй байна.
“`xxx: can't open /dev/dsp!`”	Өөр програм төхөөрөмжийг онгорхой барьж байгаа эсэхийг `fstat \| grep dsp` тушаалаар шалгана. Дурдахад илүүдэхгүй хэргийн эзэд бол esound болон KDE-ийн дууны дэмжлэгүүд юм.

Файлын төрөл	`/etc/printcap` боломж	`lpr` тохируулга
cifplot	`cf`	`-c`
DVI	`df`	`-d`
plot	`gf`	`-g`
ditroff	`nf`	`-n`
FORTRAN текст	`rf`	`-f`
troff	`tf`	`-f`
raster	`vf`	`-v`
цэвэр текст	`if`	none, `-p`, or `-l`

Хэвлэгч CR тэмдэг хүлээж авлаа	Хэвлэгч CR гэж хэвлэв
Хэвлэгч LF тэмдэгт хүлээж авлаа	Хэвлэгч CR + LF гэж хэвлэх

Хувьсагч	Утга
`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`	`$ORACLE_HOME/lib`
`CLASSPATH`	`$ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib/classes111.zip`
`PATH`	`/compat/linux/bin /compat/linux/sbin /compat/linux/usr/bin /compat/linux/usr/sbin /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin $ORACLE_HOME/bin`

`/etc`	Системийн ерөнхий тохиргооны мэдээлэл; энд байгаа өгөгдөл нь системийн хувьд өөр өөр.
`/etc/defaults`	Системийн тохиргооны файлуудын анхдагч хувилбарууд.
`/etc/mail`	sendmail(8)-ийн нэмэлт тохиргоо, бусад MTA тохиргооны файлууд.
`/etc/ppp`	Хэрэглэгч- болон цөмийн-ppp програмуудад зориулсан тохиргоо.
`/etc/namedb`	named(8) өгөгдөлд зориулсан анхдагч байрлал. Ихэнхдээ `named.conf` болон бүсийн файлууд энд хадгалагддаг.
`/usr/local/etc`	Суулгагдсан програмуудад зориулсан тохиргооны файлууд. Програм болгоны дэд сангуудыг агуулж болно.
`/usr/local/etc/rc.d`	Суулгагдсан програмуудад зориулсан эхлүүлэх/зогсоох скриптүүд.
`/var/db`	Багцын өгөгдлийн бааз, байршил олох өгөгдлийн бааз, гэх зэрэг систем болгоны хувьд автоматаар үүсгэгдсэн өгөгдлийн баазын файлууд.

`nameserver`	Тодорхойлогчийн асуух нэрийн серверийн IP хаяг. Серверүүд нь хамгийн ихдээ гурав байх жагсаасан дарааллаар асуугддаг.
`search`	Хостын нэрийн хайлтад зориулж жагсаалтаас хайх. Энэ нь ихэнхдээ локал хостын нэрийн домэйноор тодорхойлогддог.
`domain`	Локал домэйн нэр.

Тушаал	Тайлбар
adduser(8)	Шинэ хэрэглэгч нэмэхэд хэрэглэгддэг, санал болгогдсон, бичиж гүйцэтгэгддэг тушаал програм.
rmuser(8)	Хэрэглэгчийг устгахад хэрэглэгддэг, санал болгогдсон, бичиж гүйцэтгэгддэг тушаал програм.
chpass(1)	Хэрэглэгчийн өгөгдлийн мэдээллийг өөрчилдөг нийцтэй багаж.
passwd(1)	Хэрэглэгчийн нууц үгийг сольдог, энгийн бичиж гүйцэтгэгддэг тушаах багаж.
pw(8)	Хэрэглэгчийн бүх мэдээллийг өөрчилж чаддаг, хүчирхэг нийцтэй багаж.

FreeBSD баримтжуулах төсөл

Өмнөх үг

Энэ номын зориулалт

Гурав дахь хэвлэлээс хойшх өөрчлөлтүүд

Хоёр дахь хэвлэлээс (2004) хойшх өөрчлөлтүүд

Эхний хэвлэлээс (2001) хойшх өөрчлөлтүүд

Энэ номын зохион байгуулалт

Энэ номонд ашиглагдсан бичиглэлийн хэлбэрүүд

Хэвлэлийн хэлбэрүүд

Хэрэглэгчийн Оролт

Жишээнүүд

Талархал

I. Эхлэл

Бүлэг 1. Танилцуулга

Бүлэг 2. FreeBSD 8.x болон түүнээс өмнөх хувилбар суулгах нь

Бүлэг 3. FreeBSD 9.x болон түүнээс хойшхи хувилбаруудыг суулгах нь

Бүлэг 2. FreeBSD 8.`x` болон түүнээс өмнөх хувилбар суулгах нь

Бүлэг 3. FreeBSD 9.`x` болон түүнээс хойшхи хувилбаруудыг суулгах нь